Saturday 29 August 2015

Attraction and grasping Pheromone:Pheromone Resources



Attraction  and grasping Pheromone


Pheromone attraction  and grasping in pups:

Mammal have developed a  behavioural and sensory methods for guiding their newborns. The chemical cues contains 2-Methylbut-2- enal (Z)-7-Dodecen -1- yl acetate (+) (-)1,5 Dimethyl-6,8- dioxabicyclo [ 3.2.1] octane(frontaline) in  female rabbit to which newborn pups respond by attraction and oral grasping  (Schaal et al., 2003).
Lactating rabbit females emit volatile odour cues that trigger specialized motor actions leading to sucking. But the activity of these cues may change with advancing lactation. Mammary Pheromone (MP) is active during the period when pups are exclusively dependent on milk. The convergent changes in emission and reception of this pheromone may sequentially warrant that pups are first attracted to the mammae, and then that they progressively disinvest the mother as they begin to eat solid food and to be attracted by other conspecifics (Coureaud et al.,2006).
Sexually mature virgin females of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett, were attracted by live males of their respective species in laboratory bioassays in 16-dm3 cages. The gland complex of the rectal sac of the male oriental fruit fly, suspected as the source of an olfactory pheromone, was highly attractive to female oriental fruit flies. Similar glands of male melon flies were only weakly attractive to melon fly females but produced strong responses from female oriental fruit flies, which also responded positively to live melon fly males. Female melon flies showed no such interspecific response (Kobayashi et al.,1978).

Stimuli involved in sexual attraction to and recognition of receptive females by males were investigated in the shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Newly molted, prespawning (postmolt parturial) females are receptive and attractive to males. Males that make physical contact with a postmolt parturial female, usually with the long antennal flagella, react immediately and dramatically with copulatory behavior. Cuticular hydrocarbons, glycoproteins, or other compounds secreted on the surface through pore canals or tegumental gland openings might serve as sex attractants. A contact sex pheromone in P. pugio and other carideans might also be a substance involved with sclerotization, calcification, or other such chemical changes occurring in the cuticle of the early postmolt parturial female (Caskey and  Bauer,2005).

The introduced European hornet, Vespa crabro germana Christ produces four probable pheromones: an aggregation pheromone from female feces, a defensive pheromone in venom, a cephalic male territory marking pheromone, and a contact pheromone on thoraces of attractive queens that elicits copulatory behavior in males (Batra,1980).

The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle. Male and females of this species have a kairomonal attraction to host volatiles and Ips semiochemicals. Once on the host tree, males and females copulate and oviposition occurs. The male licked the elytra of the female with his mouth palpi just before copulation (licking); immediately afterwards, the male grabbed the female with his forelegs and mounted her suggesting a chemically mediated mate recognition by males (Ibeas et al.,2008).

The major component of the mandibular gland secretion of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), 9-ODA ((2E)-9-oxodecenoic acid), has been known for more than 40 yr to function as a long-range sex pheromone, attracting drones at congregation areas and drone flyways., Adding 9-HDA and 10-HDA, or 9-HDA, 10-HDA, and HOB to 9-ODA increased the number of drones making contact with the baited dummy. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that at least 9-HDA and 10-HDA are additional components of the sex pheromone blend of A. mellifera (Brockmann et al.,2006).

Several other workers  (Levinson and Mori,1983;Mondal and Port,1984;Obeng-Ofori and Coaker,1990;Lewis and Austad,1994 have assumed that male Setiferous gland are the major site of production of DMD.





Lewis, S. M., and S. N. Austad. 1994. Sexual selection in ßour beetles: the relationship between sperm precedence and male olfactory attractiveness. Behav. Ecol. 5: 219Ð224.
Obeng-Ofori, D., and T. H. Coaker. 1990. Tribolium aggregation Pheromone: Monitoring, range of attraction and orientation behavior of T castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 80: 443-451.

Mondal, K. A. M. S. H. and G. R. Port. 1984. Response of Tribolium castaneum larvae to synthetic aggregation Pheromone. Entomol. exp. appl. 36:43-46.

Levinson, H. Z. and K. Mori. 1983. Chirality determines Pheromone activity for Flour beetles. Naturewissenschafen, 70:190-192.

Qazi, M. C. B., Boake, C. R. and  Lewis, S. M. 1998. The femoral setiferous glands of Tribolium castaneum males and production of the pheromone 4, 8dimethyldecanal. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 89(3):313-317.

Brockmann, A., Dietz, D., Spaethe, J. and  Tautz, J. 2006. Beyond 9-ODA: sex pheromone communication in the European honey bee Apis mellifera L. Journal of chemical ecology, 32(3):657-667.

Ibeas, F., Díez, J. J.and  Pajares, J. A. 2008. Olfactory sex attraction and mating behaviour in the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of insect behavior, 21(3), 101-110.

Batra, S. W. T. 1980. Sexual behavior and pheromones of the European hornet, Vespa crabro ermana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 461-469.

Caskey, J. L.and  Bauer, R. T. 2005. Behavioral tests for a possible contact sex pheromone in the caridean shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25(4):571-576.

Kobayashi, R. M., Ohinata, K., Chambers, D. L., & Fujimoto, M. S. (1978). Sex pheromones of the oriental fruit fly and the melon fly: mating behavior, bioassay method, and attraction of females by live males and by suspected pheromone glands of males. Environmental Entomology, 7(1): 107-112.

Coureaud, G., Langlois, D., Perrier, G. and  Schaal, B. 2006. Convergent changes in the maternal emission and pup reception of the rabbit mammary pheromone. Chemoecology, 16(3), 169-174.

Schaal B, Coureaud G, Langlois D, Ginies C, Semon E, Perrier G. 2003. Chemical and  behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone. Nature, 424: 68-72.