Androsterone:Pheromone Resources

Androsterone

It is believed that a deficiency of androgens, including free testosterone, may promote the development of convulsions. The present study revealed differences in the action of androsterone (AND), a major excreted metabolite of testosterone and a neurosteroid, in three commonly used seizure models in mice. AND administered intraperitoneally exhibited dose-dependent protection against tonic-clonic convulsions caused by maximal electroshock (MES) with ED₅₀ (effective dose₅₀) of 227 mg/kg. The compound also inhibited the convulsive action of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), increasing its CD= (convulsive dose₅₀) for clonic convulsions from 77.2 (PTZ + saline) to 93.9 (p < 0.05) for PTZ +AND40 mg/kg and 113.9 mg/kg (p < 0.001) for PTZ +AND60 mg/kg. In mice pretreated with 60 mg/kg AND, the CD₅₀ for PTZ-induced tonic convulsions increased from 102 to 127.6 mg/kg (p < 0.01) (Mróz, Katarzyna et al.,2009).

Intraperitoneal injection of 5 α,3α -A–protected mice in a dose-dependent fashion from seizures in the following modls (ED50, dose in mg/kg protecting 50% of animals): 6-Hz electrical stimulation (29.1), pentylenetetrazol (43.5), pilocarpine (105), 4-AP (215), and  aximal electroshock (224). 5β,3α-A also was active in the 6-Hz and pentylenetetrazol models, but was less potent (ED 50 v alues, 76.9 and 139 mg/kg, respectively), whereas epiandrosterone (5α ,3 β -A) was inactive (ED 50 , ≤ 300 mg/kg). 5 α ,3 α -A (10–100 μ M ) also inhibited epileptiform discharges in a concentration-dependent fashion in the in vitro slice model, whereas 5β ,3 α -A was active but of lower potency, and 5 α ,3 β -A was inactive (Kaminski et al.,2005).

This sexual pheromone was first discovered in 1931 by scientists in Germany. Relatively high androsterone value is associated with sexual preference for females by either sex, whereas a relatively low androsterone value is associated with sexual preference for males by either sex (James V. Kohl,2006). The effects of the androgenic hormone, androsterone sulfate, a 17-ketosteroid, on long term potentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of urethane anesthesized rats were reported. Intravenous injection of 10 mg of the hormone dissolved in Nutralipid produced a significant increase of the population spike (PS), but not of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP). The results are discussed in terms of the potential enhancement that androsterone sulfate may have on memory as was described for one of its parent compounds, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its potential use as an antidepressant  (Urbanoski et al.,2000) .

Androsterone sulfate (5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, 3-sodium sulfate) administered to freely moving rats via cerebroventricular cannulae induced analgesia, wet-dog shakes, body jerks, rigidity, Straub tail, hypermotility, excessive grooming, hyperreactivity to stimuli, aggression, escape behavior, EEG spiking, and behavioral and EEG seizures. These responses resemble those produced by certain opiate drugs and by beta-endorphin, an endogenous peptide; they appear during the 5-min infusion period, persist in some cases for several hours, and are diminished by pretreatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone (LaBella et al1978).

Both  drugs favourably decreased platelet stickiness (p <000l),but the effect with clofibrate and bandrosterone (atromid) was more marked than with clofibrate alone (atromid-S). Both drugs. The effects of clofibrate with and without androsterone on platelet stickiness and the blood produced a statistically significant (p <Ol001) and similar fall in serum cholesterol; their effects on low density lipoprotein were inconstant. The changes in platelet stickiness and in the lipids appeared to be independent (Carson et al.,1966). Androsterone administered orally to 13 men with coronary heart disease in a dosage of 100 mg. daily for one month had practically no clinical or serum lipidshifting effects. In contrast, androsterone given intramuscularly to 8 men in a dosage of 50 mg. daily for one to four weeks resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of serum triglycerides and phospholipids, as well as total cholesterol, reflecting a reduction in the β-lipoprotein fraction. Despite this decrease, the frequency of local and systemic side-effects renders this compound unsuitable for routine clinical use. Androsterone was excreted in the urine chiefly as the glucuronide (Cohen et al.,1961).    

The effects of androsterone and testosterone propionate on atheroma and plasma lipid shifts induced by cholesterol feeding in cockerels were compared. Both compounds produced significant inhibition of coronary arterial atheroma. Aortic atherogenesis was not affected. The effects on plasma lipids were similar; non-significant reduction in cholesterol (C), significant decrease in phospholipid (P) with elevated C/P ratios (Cook,1960). The preputial glands of the hypophysectomized rat grow in response to steroids possessing the same molecular features which evoke growth in the prostate. Unlike the prostatic glands of the female rat, the preputial glands are constantly present. These giant sebaceous glands are useful indicators in the biological assay in the female rat of steroids with androgenic activity. There are important synergistic relationships between steroids and pituitary proteins in the promotion of growth so that hypophysectomy is necessary for the precise characterization of growth as induced by steroids ( Huggins et al.,1955).

Studied the modifying effects on the hypoplasia of organs of three hormones—thyroid, androsterone, and estradiol—given alone or simultaneously. The evidence indicates that the hypoplasia can be prevented, at least for a certain period of time, by administration of one or more of these hormones, thyroid and estradiol being particularly effective (Korenchevsky  and  Jones, 1946).

With oestradiol dipropionate  alone, the vagina  was restored to normal or supernormal weight, with normal (usually " oestrus ") structure, but not even a weekly dose of 0*2 mg. was able to produce normal size   and weight    of the uterus, although this dose caused pronounced pathological changes in the structure of this organ. 3. The weak effects of androsterone and transdehydroandrosterone on the uterus were not significantly increased, as compared within experiments of shorter duration, but the vagina and especially the preputial glands were considerably hypertrophied (Korenchevsky et al.,1939). The observed results demonstrate that daily injections of 0.5 to 3 mg. of testosterone in sesame oil and of 3.0 to 5.0 mg. of androsterone in sesame oil into normal mature female rats leads to a suppression of the oestrous cycles, as expressed by the vaginal smear, during the 16-day period of injection (Browman,1937).

References:

Browman, Ludvig G.1937.Effects of androsterone and testosterone on oestrous cycle of rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine 36(2): 205-208.

Carson, P., L. McDonald, S. Pickard, T. Pilkington, B. Davies, and F. Love.1966. Effects of clofibrate with androsterone (atromid) and without androsterone (atromid-S) on blood platelets and lipids in ischaemic heart disease." British heart journal, 28(3): 400.

Cohen, William D., Norio Higano, Roger W. Robinson, and Raoul J. Le Beau.1961. Changes In Serum Lipids And Urinary Ketosteroids During Oral And Intramuscular Administration Of Androsterone.  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21(10):1208-1217.

Cook, Donald L.1960. Effects of androsterone on atherogenesis and plasma lipids in cockerels." Experimental Biology and Medicine 105(3): 586-588.

Huggins, Charles, Frank M. Parsons, and Elwood V. Jensen.1955. "Promotion Of Growth Of Preputial Glands By Steroids And The Pituitary Growth Hormone,  Endocrinology 57(1):25-32.

James V. Kohl. 2006.The Mind's Eyes: Human Pheromones, Neuroscience, and Male Sexual Preferences.Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality., 18;4:313-369.

Kaminski, Rafal M., Herbert Marini, Won‐Joo Kim, and Michael A. Rogawski.2005. Anticonvulsant activity of androsterone and etiocholanolone." Epilepsia 46(6): 819-827.

Korenchevsky, V., and Vera E. Jones.1946. The Effects of Androsterone, Oestradiol and Thyroid Hormone on the Artificial Premature “Climacteric” of Pure Gonadal Origin Produced by Ovariectomy in Rats I. Effects on Weights of Organs. Journal of gerontology, 1(3 Part 1): 319-335.

Korenchevsky, V., K. Hall, and R. Burbank. 1939."The manifold effects of prolonged administration of sex hormones to female rats." Biochemical Journal,33(3): 372.

LaBella, Frank, Viktor Havlicek, Carl Pinsky, and Leonid Leybin.1978.Opiate-like, naloxone-reversible effects of androsterone sulfate in rats. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 56(6): 940-944.

Moore, Carl R., and Price Dorothy.1937.Some Effects Of Synthetically Prepared Male Hormone (Androsterone) in the Rat.  Endocrinology 21(3): 313-329.

Mróz, Katarzyna, Tomasz Mróz, Marian Wielosz, and Piotr Tutka.2009.Effects of androsterone on convulsions in various seizure models in mice." Pharmacological Reports 61(3): 564-569.

Urbanoski, Karen, John Harris, Karel Gijsbers, and Bernardo Dubrovsky.2000. Androsterone sulfate increases dentate gyrus population spike amplitude following tetanic stimulation. Physiology & behavior 71(5): 435-440.

Efficiency of traps in different insect orders:PheromoneResources

 Efficiency of  traps in different insect orders 

Diptera

Insect-pest	Traps	Efficiency	Country	Reference
Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae)	McPhail traps	attractivity of McPhail traps increased 30-40 times	Crete, Greece.	Neuenschwander-P; Michelakis-S, 1979
Delia brassicae (Wied.)  (Hylemya brassicae)	yellow water-trap	4-fold	Wellesbourne, UK	Finch-S; Freuler-J; Stadler-E.1980
Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae)	mechanical traps and an electric trap	55-85%		Hargrove-JW.1980
anthocorids, syrphids, coccinellids, nabids, Cydia interstinctana (Clem.) (Grapholita interstinctana) tachinids,	sticky and water  traps	significantly more	Missouri	Wilkinson-JD; Schmidt-GT; Biever-KD.1980.
Glossina pallidipes	Langridge box screen (LBS) and the awning screen skirt (ASS)	behavioural differences between the flies of the 2 populations	Kenya	Etten-J-Van; Van-Etten-J.1981
walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa	Pherocon AM traps	effieicnet than the traditional monitoring method	northern California.	Riedl-H; Hoying-SA.1980
tsetse species, Glossina pallidipes	biconical trap	biconical trap is preferable	Kenya	Challier-A; Laveissiere-C; Moloo-SK; Owaga-MLA.1981
Culex quinquefasciatus Say	EVS battery powered light traps	fan blade 0.75 in. wide, with a pitch angle of 30 deg , provides 82% greater air velocity than commercially available plastic blades	California	Rohe-DL; Quintana-AP; Grant-CD (ed.).1979
mosquito borne encephalitis surveillance	miniature battery powered CO2 baited light trap	highest efficiency	California	Rohe-DL; Fall-RP.1979
C. tarsalis Coq and  C. erythrothorax Dyar	miniature mosquito light traps	EVS trap significantly higher catch	California	Smith-TA; Bebout-RJ; Quintana-AP.1979
house flies	insect-electrocuting devices	90 W ultraviolet source performed markedly better than all the rest, with a total capture during 90 min of 1297 flies,		Clough-G. 1980

Dacus dorsalis Hend D. cucurbitae Coq. and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)	liquid food baits	dry climate		Cunningham-RT; Nakagawa-S; Suda-DY; Urago-T.1978.
cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae)	allyl isothiocyanate	allyl isothiocyanate and hexyl acetate markedly affected the behaviour of gravid flies		Wallbank-BE; Wheatley-GA.1979
tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw  G. pallidipes Aust	incomplete ring of electrified nets	21-70%		Vale-GA; Hargrove-JW.1979.
tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw G. pallidipes Aust (Diptera: Glossinidae)	odour-baited traps	decline in trap catches was due to a reduction in population densities rather than a decreasing responsiveness of tsetse to the trap	woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia	Hargrove-JW; Vale-GA.1979
Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) C. macellaria (F.)	electrocutor grid traps	Higher captures in the grid trap	Curacao Island, Netherlands Antilles	Goodenough-JL.1979
Saltmarsh Aedes vigilax A. procax 40    funereus Culex australicus Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae)	light traps	effective	from Maroochy Shire, Australia, for Barmah	Ryan-PA; Kay-BH.1999
Anopheles darlingi	light traps vs human bait	The CDC light trap was more efficient (62%)	Ocamo, Amazonas State, Venezuela	Rubio-Palis-Y; Guzman-H; Magris-M.1999.
Chironomus plumosus	black light traps	This effect was significantly enhanced by using a sound trap equipped with a black light lamp	Lake Suwa in central Japan	Hirabayashi-K; Ogawa-KI.1999.
Musca domestica, Calliphora vicina and Drosophila  melanogaster	Lamp traps	40 W actinic lamp made the lamp trap more efficient		Locatelli-DP; Longhini-BA.1999
Mediterranean fruit Ceratitis capitata	manures attractive	It is recommended that    manuring is avoided at the same time as spraying, or that manure is concealed in the soil.	Israel	Mazor-M.1999

fruitflies Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera zonatus Bactrocera zonata	methyl eugenol baited traps	methyl eugenol baited trap trapped all the males which were males	orchards in Pakistan	Ishtiaq-Ali; Farman-Ullah; Shah-Alam-Khan.1999
Mediterranean fruit-fly, Ceratitis capitata	hand-made trap	south-east as the most favourable position of the traps for fly capture.	South-West Morocco	Naamani-K; Herbaut-C; Koch-AAE; Bakri-A; Chemseddine-M.1999.
Dipt., Sciaridae Trichosia jenkinsoni and Corynoptera bulgarica	yellow traps,  light trap	high efficiency of the yellow traps in collecting  the sciarids	Elster-Pleisse-Aue near Leipzig	Metzner-K; Erlacher-SI; Leuckefeld-S.1999.
Glossina palpalis palpalis	trap designs Vavoua' trap	The 'black/blue/black' screen can be used for succcess	Congo	Laveissiere-C; Penchenier-L; Sinda-D; Zoulani-A.1998.
Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)	traps baited with female-targeted lures	C. capitata was significantly less in trimedlure traps than in plastic McPhail traps baited with the 3 component synthetic lure	island of Chios, Greece	Katsoyannos-BI; Heath-RR; Papadopoulos-NT; Epsky-ND; Hendrichs-J.1999.
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)	biconical traps	carbon dioxide released at half this rate increased both the numbers of female tsetse attracted to a trap and the catches in a trap by about 2-3 times.	shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya	Mohamed-Ahmed-MM; Mihok-S.1999
Bactrocera correcta	new trap with cotton wool as dispenser	Orange and yellow coloured traps attracted more fruit flies	India	Jalaluddin-SM; Natarajan-K; Sadakathulla-S; Rajukkannu-K; Reddy-PP, Kumar-NKK (ed.); Verghese-A.1998.
cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, turnip root fly, Delia floralis	felt traps	felt traps is good	Denmark and Norway	Bligaard-J; Meadow-R; Nielsen-O; Percy-Smith-A.1999.
House fly	ultraviolet light from insect traps.	results indicate that insect traps with ultraviolet light as an attractant would not be detrimental to production of broilers		Hogsette-JA; Wilson-HR.1999.
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)	yellow sticky traps	yellow sticky trap is more reliable than the pupal tray for estimating densities of L. trifolii larvae and mines on tomato.		Ozawa-A; Saito-T; Ikeda-F; Ota-M.1998.
Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)	Disney traps with baits (opossums, chickens and hamsters); CDC light traps at 3 heights (1, 5 and 10 m); suspended traps (5 m); malaise traps (1 m)	The most efficient trap was the CDC.	forest reserve Adolpho Ducke.	Veras-RS; Castellon-EG.1998.
A. arabiensis A. gambiae s.s.	light and bednet in CDC light-trap	Protecting the bait with a mosquito net increased the catch _3X for A. gambiae s.l. and _3.5X for A. funestus.	Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso	Costantini-C; Sagnon-NF; Sanogo-E; Merzagora-L; Coluzzi-M.1998.
woodland mosquitoes and other Diptera Aedes atlanticus, A. dupreei, A. infirmatus, Anopheles crucians s.l., Culiseta melanura, Culex nigripalpus, Psorophora columbiae and Uranotaenia sapphirina	colored light-emitting diodes as attractants	a significant difference in attractivity of lights was found in some species	north central Florida	Burkett-DA; Butler-JF; Kline-DL.1998.
malaria vectors (A. culicifacies,  A. fluviatilis, A. annularis, A. subpictus, A. theobaldi, A. nigerrimus, A. splendidus)	light-traps	light traps did not have any bias in favour of any particular species	India	Singh-N; Mishra-AK; Neeru-Singh.1997.
Diptera, Hymenoptera. Dermaptera and Strepsiptera Thysanoptera, Mecoptera, Saltatoria, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Lepidoptera and Araneae,	window and Malaise traps	window traps were significantly more effective in catching Thysanoptera, Mecoptera, Saltatoria, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Lepidoptera and Araneae, Malaise traps were significantly more efficient in catching Diptera, Hymenoptera. Dermaptera and Strepsiptera	Rickenbach, Switzerland	Schneider-K; Duelli-P.1997.

Culex pipiens, Aedes caspius, A. vexans, Culiseta annulata, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., A. claviger Coquillettidia richiardii.	bovine-baited trap	effectively used	northeastern Italy	Cancrini-G; Pietrobelli-M; Frangipane-Di-Regalbono-A; Tampieri-MP.1997.
Ceratitis capitata	Improved controlled-release formulations for a new trap design (C&C traps)	consistently higher male medfly catches with panels in than with the standard trimedlure polymeric plug in Jackson traps.	USA	Warthen-JD; Cunningham-RT; Leonhardt-BA; Cook-JM; Avery-JW; Harte-EM.1997.
Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)	traps of different colours	The number of flies captured per trap was significantly higher in yellow than in green and white colour traps	Islamabad, Pakistan	Talib-Hussain; Siddiqui-QH; Qureshi-ZA; Hussain-T; Ahmad-M (ed.); Shakoori-AR.1995.
Glossina pallidipes and Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)	odour-baited biconical traps	The intensity of trapping and level of seasonal immigration appeared to be the main determinants of population trends	Nguruman in south-western Kenya	Brightwell-R; Dransfield-RD; Stevenson-P; Williams-B.1997.
C. vishnui and Anopheles subpictus Culex quinquefasciatus	An insecticide impregnated fabric (IIF) trap	The numbers of mosquitoes in the trap were significantly correlated with the numbers caught in hand catches	India	Das-PK; Sivagnaname-N; Amalraj-DD.1997.
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes	biconical trap	it appeared important to determine the optimum radius for the incomplete ring of nets for a reliable efficiency estimate.	lake Victoria shore, Kenya	Odulaja-A; Mohamed-Ahmed-MM, 1997
Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Nadler traps (modified Steiner traps) baited with trimedlure	best place to locate a trap was in a shaded place on a host tree.	Israel	Israely-N; Yuval-B; Kitron-O; Nestel-D.1997.
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Ceratitis capitata	bucket traps	The greatest C. capitata captures were achieved with orange and yellow bucket traps		Uchida-GK; Walsh-WA; Encarnacion-C; Vargas-RI; Stark-JD; Beardsley-JW; McInnis-DO.1996

medflies Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera : Tephritidae)	Makkar trap,  Jackson trap	Makkar traps loaded with 2 ml of trimedlure + guava or orange juice + 5% buminal + an adhesive material were the most effective on the basis of the total number of captured flies (males and/or females).	Egypt	Makkar-AW; El-Abbassi-TS.1995.
Anopheles aquasalis and A. albimanus	light traps combined with carbon dioxide	UV light trap with CO2 to be the most reliable	Venezuela	Rubio-Palis-Y.1996.
Anastrepha sp. Anastrepha spp	plastic McPhail traps	no difference in efficiency between glass and plastic McPhail traps for capturing species of Anastrepha.	Venezuela	Boscan-de-Martinez-N; Godoy-F.1995.
Anastrepha spp	food bait trap	most efficient food bait, capturing an average of 6 times more Anastrepha than hydrolysed protein	El Salvador	Delmi-M; Moran-S; Nunez-F; Granados-G.1996.
Encephalitis vector mosquitoes	FHK type light trap	it is not likely that the light trap can be a useful tool in the control of Japanese encephalitis.	Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan	Takagi et al., 1995
mosquitoes vestitipennis and A. albimanus	ultraviolet light traps	The CDC/UV trap (down draft) was superior to the FP/UV trap in sampling efficiency and in handling	Dominican Republic	Mekuria et al., 1994
house flies Musca domestica	lamps used in insect electrocuting traps	green light overall caught 30% more flies		Veal et al., 1995
tsetse, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes	biconical trap	The model enabled the estimation of optimum trapping distances from the different habitat types for G. f. fuscipes.		Odulaja-A; Mohamed-Ahmed-MM.2001
olive fly Bactrocera oleae	ecotraps	ecotraps demonstrated that their efficiency		Viggiani-G.2001

mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s A. funestus, A.coustani, Culex uinquefasciatus, Mansonia africana, A. wellcomei, and Aedes circumluteolus	carbon dioxide-baited trap	ENT was superior to the CDC trap with light		Mboera et al., 2000
mosquitoes Anopheles koliensis, punctulatus, karwari, farauti s.l., A. longirostris and A. bancroftii.  (Diptera: Culicidae)	CDC (Centers for Disease Control) miniature light traps	Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in A. punctulatus and A. farauti s.l. were significantly higher in light trap collections than in either indoor or outdoor landing catches	Papua New Guinea	Hii et al., 2000
Anastrepha striata Shiner (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Dedordy T-93 trap, McPhail trap	No significant differences were observed between torula yeast and hydrolysed soyabean protein + borax as attractants	Santa Barbara, Monagas, Venezuela	Rodriguez et al., 2000
Culex mosquitoes Culex tarsalis	C D C-style miniature light traps, New Jersey light traps	Catch of Culex tarsalis females in traps baited with CO2 released at 0.5-1.5 litres/min from gas cylinders was significantly greater	California USA Mosquito Surveillance Program,	Reisen et al., 2000
Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) G. brevipalpis and G. austen	H trap	Catches of up to 76 G. brevipalpis and 37 G. austeni were obtained per trap on a single day with the H3 modification	South Africa	Kappmeier-K.2000.
olive fly Dacus oleae (Gmel.)	McPhail traps	trap which was similar for both sexes		Kapatos-E; Fletcher-BS.1983.
Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and other orders	Malaise traps	Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and other orders	Albany, New York State	Townes et al., 1983
Fruit flies	medfly traps	Rebell traps with the attractant trimedlure added to the glue were highly efficient in catching males	Sardinia (Italy) and Turkey	Cavalloro et al., 1983

Fruit flies	yellow traps, Pheromone traps	Pheromone traps were better than  yellow trap	Greece and Italy	Cavalloro et al., 1983
Glossina palpalis gambiensis	chemical and mechanical barriers, reinforced by biconic traps	An increase in the number of traps and frequency of spraying increased the isolation of the experimental areas, but a small number of flies were still able to cross the barriers. Although the major part of a tsetse population flies only short distances, 5% can cover up to 21 km in the gallery forest, and a smaller proportion can cross over the savanna from one river to another, a distance of up to 6 km.	Yaounde (Cameroun)	Cuisance et al., 1981
Glossina spp	biconical traps impregnated with insecticide	Trapping with spraying   appears possible to combine this method with sterile-male releases which resulted reduced populations by trapping.	riverine forests in the Ivory Coast	Laveissiere et al., 1981
Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)	adhesive traps	A comparison of trap-catches with face counts of M. autumnalis from cattle showed that face counts were not greatly affected by marked changes in abundance of the indexed populations. Flies on cattle and in traps were significantly aggregated	California	Moon-RD; Kaya-HK.1981.

Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens	McPhail traps	seasonal increase in numbers was derived mainly from infestations in grapefruit and that harvesting played a significant part in controlling numbers by removing infested fruit	Belize, Central America	Houston-WWK.1981
Anopheles arabiensis Patt	eaves traps	DDT at 1.5 or deltamethrin (decamethrin) at 5-6 mg/m2. Both compounds were highly effective for over 2 years	Zimbabwe	Taylor et al., 1981
walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa Cress	Rectangular ammonium carbonate traps (Pherocon AM trap)	the rectangular ammonium carbonate traps was superior  used not only for monitoring but also for partial control, while the green spherical traps useful for monitoring oviposition and therefore for timing chemical control measures.	California	Riedl et al., 1981
Dacus oleae Gmelin	Fruit fly trap	A trap density of 0.5 trap/tree throughout the experimental field and one trap/tree in the periphery is suggested for mass-trapping tests with this pest	Greece	Haniotakis, 1981

Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust	Various traps		the outside trap should be white, with black near the basal entrances, the entrances should be provided with tunnels projecting into trap, and the inside of trap should be made white at base and black at top. The top of the trap should be an open-ended tube around the cone of netting that leads to the retaining cage	Zimbabwe	Vale,1982
screwworm, Cochlyomyia hominivorax Coq		The Bishopp trap	The Bishopp trap caught a total of 241 adults of C. hominivorax (0.08% of the total catch of Diptera in the trap) and the wind trap caught 101 examples (2.48%) of the total catch.	the tropics	Ocampo-Candido et al., 1981
Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.).		Malaise trap	effecient	central England	Knight-MJ; Oldham-RS.1982.
tsetse ecology		Manitoba, Malaise, sticky, water or Swynnerton traps	Novel techniques in control of  Glossina	Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Togo, Kenya and Zambia	Ryan-L.1981
screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae)		traps, baited with the attractant swormlure-4	trapping efficiency can be improved by placing traps near and upwind of warm-blooded animals	southern Mexico	Brenner-RJ. 1985.
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae):		Steiner trap baited with trimedlure	capture of nearby males	Hawaii	Cunningham-RT; Couey-HM.1986.
common cleg, Haematopota pluvialis (Meigen) (Diptera: Tabanidae).		Manitoba traps	The reduced efficiency of the Manitoba trap is attributed to the plastic canopy which appears white in colour particularly when wet.	Argyll, Scotland	Thomson-RCK; Saunders-DS.1986

C. quinquefasciatus	Gravid traps	Gravid traps were most effective in residential habitats where there were few competitive oviposition sites.		Reisen-WK;et,al,1991
flying insects	Light traps, Suction traps, Flight traps, Light traps	By bringing together examples and research findings from the fields of medical/veterinary and agricultural/forestry entomology together with a few from conservation ecology, this should do much to broaden understanding of the subject and help research workers to develop techniques appropriate to their individual needs.		Muirhead-Thomson-RC,1991,
	Ladd trap, apple maggot (AM) trap	An aerosol formulation of tangle-trap used as the adhesive with AM traps reduced catches by 38 and 46% compared to brush-on and spreadable formulations of the adhesive. Odour-enhanced lures improved the efficiency of traps under certain environmental conditions.	Ontario.	Warner-J; Smith-A,1989
adult Mansonia mosquitoes	sound trapping	Daily trapping at the 2 sites collected large numbers of both sexes of Mansonia.	Malaysia.	Kanda-T;ET,AL,1988
fruit fly	different trap colours forms	Spherical yellow traps were most attractive to the tephritids followed by green cylindrical traps.	Sao Paulo, Brazil	Bressan-S;et,al,1991
mosquitoes		These results validated the procedure used by the senior author to sample mosquito emergence from tanks when evaluating the mosquito control efficacy of selected fish species in waste water environments.		Castleberry-DT;et,al,1989
Glossina palpalis palpalis'wild' flies	pyramidal traps	These preliminary results indicate that such kinds of continuous monitoring of sentinel pigs and sheep can constitute a useful means of evaluating the efficiency of control of sleeping sickness vectors	Congo	Woo-PTK;et,al,1988
stable flies	Alsynite trap, Williams traps	The diameter of the cylindrical trap directly affected the number of stable flies caught. Stable flies landed predominantly on the areas of the trap most protected from the wind.	Kansas,	Broce-AB,1988,
tsetse flies	Moloo trap	The environmental impact, relative costs, advantages and disadvantages of the method and limitations of trapping for veterinary applications are each discussed briefly, and finally the stages of a tsetse control operation for pastoralists and the integration of screens and trapping with other trypanosomiasis control techniques (insecticide airspray, sterile male release, chemotherapy and prophylaxis, insecticidal dipping, pour-on or ear-tagging, ivermectin injection or bolus) is outlined and then summarised in a 1-page action plan. An up-to-date bibliography is given.	Togo, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon,	Cuisance-D,1989,
tsetse [Glossina],	pheromone traps	For pest species with very low fertility rates and high survivorship, such as tsetse [Glossina], sterile releases combined with food traps containing insecticides are most efficient.		Barclay-HJ;et,al,1989
Rhagoletis pomonella	Pherocon AM traps, Ladd traps	The efficiency of both Pherocon AM panels and Ladd traps was increased by the addition of ammonium carbonate lures.	Utah	Jones-VP; Davis-DW,1989,
Rhagoletis pomonella	Ladd yellow-panel- plus red-hemisphere traps, red wooden-sphere traps, and Olson sphere traps	Trials in 16 blocks scouted by growers with baited traps and a threshold of 5 adults per trap for timing sprays resulted in 0.6 fewer applications and no difference in fruit infestation levels, compared with blocks sprayed according to the growers' conventional schedules.	New York	Agnello-AM;et,al,1990
9 species of tephritid fruit flies	parapheromones indicated that trap	Traps placed at ground level on creeping plants were found to capture the highest numbers of B. cucurbitae. The response of C. capitata in fruit tree orchards to traps at different heights was erratic, showing inconsistent trends with more than one peak.	Mauritius	Ramsamy-MP,1989,
carrot fly, Psila rosae	coloured sticky board traps	Most flies were caught on traps resting on the ground. The number of flies caught was reduced by 0.84% for each cm the trap was raised above 10 cm from the ground.	UK	Collier-RH; Finch-S,1990,
medfly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.)	McPhail traps, Jackson traps	McPhail traps with Nulure, borax plus ammonium phosphate, and Jackson traps with white or yellow sticky inserts were the least effective.	Turkey	Zumreoglu-A,1990,
fruit fly Dacus dorsalis [Bactrocera dorsalis]	coloured plastic bucket traps	The results suggest that the attractiveness of traps is due primarily to intensity of reflected light. The potential for improving trap efficiency in B. dorsalis monitoring and control programmes is discussed	Hawaii	Stark-JD; Vargas-RI,1992,
tsetse flies	Lancien pyramidal traps	The efficiency of traps was reflected in the fact that G. f. fuscipes populations were reduced by up to 95% in Tome and 90% in Bulopa-Walwanda and Lwenyanja villages.	Buvuma Island	Ogwal-LM;et,al,1990

adult Chironomidae (Diptera)	lit traps	The number of midges per trap tended to decrease with the number of lit traps but increased with the number of lit BL-lamps.	(Lake Suwa, Japan).	Hirabayashi-K;et,al,1993
	Malaise traps	The Malaise trap assemblages were more diverse and had a higher proportion of species classed as transients than assemblages from neighbouring vegetation.	UK	Belshaw-R,1993,
	Challier-Laveissiere traps	Addition of octenol, although not effective alone, reinforced this attractancy.	Burkina Faso	Merot-P;et,al,1988
fruit fly	Jackson traps	During the observation periods, no lekking wild males were observed, and not a single wild female was observed to respond to Jackson traps with either trimedlure or trimedlure + ammonia.	Hawaii.	Liquido-NJ;et,al,1993
house flies (Musca domestica), flesh flies, blow flies,	UV fly traps	The Vector trap (also marketed as Prism and Hygenius fly traps) collected more flying insects per week than did either of the prototypes and fewer living flies were seen each week in milk rooms operating Vector traps.	USA	Goddard-J,1993,
Caribbean fruit flies		This review of attractants (including food, visual, acoustical and pheromone attractants, and trap efficiency) for monitoring Anastrepha suspensa is concerned especially with control of the tephritid on Citrus in Florida.	Florida.	Heath-RR;et,al,1993
olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae (Gmel.))	McPhail traps yellow sticky traps	The McPhail trap baited with ammonium phosphate captured considerably more flies than the other combinations. Biotraps combining 2 types of pheromone capsules were the least attractive.	Turkey.	Zumreoglu-A;et,al,1992
tsetse flies		Analytical results derived for 2 limiting cases: very mobile flies and inefficient traps; relatively immobile flies and very efficient traps. Extending the models to inhomogeneous habitats and combining them with knowledge of tsetse biology and information on climate and vegetation should make it possible to predict spatial and seasonal changes in tsetse fly densities and so to provide a sound basis for planning tsetse control operations.		Williams-B;et,al,1992
Aedes sierrensis	duplex cone and Fay-Prince traps	Male numbers in duplex cone trap collections explained only 27% of the variation in the number of males collected at sentinels, suggesting that neither trap is a robust tool for estimating male activity around humans.	California, USA	Washburn-JO;et,al,1992
G. tachinoides	impregnated traps	The problem of correctly dispensing the right amount at all times, independently of temperature, wind and humidity seems to be critical; in the case of G. tachinoides, the nutritional status of the population at the time of the catch is also important.		Kupper-W,1988,
flies		When using an electric net as a sampling device, account needs to be taken of the level of, and variation in, efficiency.		Packer-MJ,1991,
house flies (Musca domestica)	electrocutor trap	The results from electroretinograms recorded in response to different levels of Me were consistent with the idea that at a given wavelength the attractiveness of a lamp is attributable to the quantitative output perceived by the fly.	UK	Roberts-AE;et,al,1992,

house flies (Musca domestica)	electrocuting insect traps	The number of scale fragments significantly increased when electrocuting traps were used, but not with the electronic trap. Numerous spherical particles (diameter <10 µm) were also collected in air filtrates near electrocuting traps killing moths.		Broce-AB,1993
tsetse (Glossina spp.) G. pallidipes		There was no effect of bait mass on landing probability for G. m. morsitans and no difference between the sexes; ca. 11% of the catch landed on the cloth portion of the target. Efficiency and landing behaviour were independent of climate and season.	Zimbabwe	Hargrove-JW;et,al,1995
buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere)		The results demonstrate the feasibility of controlling Haematobia without insecticides, by using a simple, sustainable and environmentally friendly trap, provided that cattle use the traps regularly.	Australia.	Sutherst-RW; Tozer-RS,1995
tsetse flies		The development and testing of these models has relied extensively on the data collected in the field at Nguruman and in turn the models have helped us to interpret the data and to formulate new questions and experiments.	Kenya	Williams-B,1995,
mango fly.	McPhail, EUGO TC-11, EUGO TC-12, EUGO TC-13 and EUGO TC-14,	It was established that no significant differences existed in the capture capacity of the McPhail and EUGO TC-13 traps	Venezuela.	Gonzalez-E;et,al,1994
Glossina tachinoides and Glossina morsitans	biconical traps	The results varied with the season, the species and the sex of Glossina. The influence of distance was not investigated.	Burkina Faso	Amsler-S;et,al,1994

anopheline mosquitoes	light-trap	The study shows that light-traps, when used in combination with night-biting collections, can be an effective and sensitive means for measuring human-biting activity and the sporozoite rate.	coastal Tanzania	Davis-JR;et,al,1995
legume leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess),	yellow flat sticky trap	Adults of Liriomyza trifolii were caught in highest numbers using yellow flat sticky traps placed at 0.2-0.5 m above the ground level in greenhouses with Gerbera, cherry tomatoes and celery crops. Of the captured individuals 80% were male.		Tatara-A; Furuki-T,1994
tsetse-fly species Glossina tachinoides	biconical traps	No significant difference could be shown between trypanosome-infected and uninfected G. tachinoides relative to trap-orientated behaviour and nutritional status.		Spath-J,1994,
tsetse and horse flies	monoconical (Merot) traps	The biconical trap with a bottle gave results which varied according to the year, but these results were never more than equal to those with the cage. The differences were more significant in the catches of males.	Burkina Faso	Amsler-S; Filledier-J,1994,
antagonists of aphids in cereal fields	pitfall traps	Laboratory experiments on the consumption capacities of 10 carabid species with Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum and Contarinia tritici. Poecilus cupreus [Pterostichus cupreus] had the greatest consumption capacity, feeding on 108 individuals of R. padi/day.	Germany	Lubke-Al-Hussein-M; Triltsch-H,1994,

fruit fly	poison bait traps	The average numbers of flies trapped per trap per day ranged from 2.36 to 4.57 and the method proved popular with farmers.	Bangladesh	Chowdhury-MK;et,al,1993
tsetse flies(Glossina spp.)	67 Hz nets	The proportion of tsetse avoiding a standard electric net was ca 27% in full sun, ca. 40% in shade, implying an overall sampling efficiency of, at best, ca. 65% at the optimum 200 Hz discharge rate in sunshine, and ca. 40-50% with the 67 Hz nets used currently in Africa.	Zimbabwe	Griffiths-N; Brady-J,1994,
Ceratitis capitata		In the case of male annihilation, the mean number of effective matings per male in the lek, calculated from the frequency of actual matings weighted by the effective mating ratio, was used to evaluate the efficiency of male annihilation as a control technique.		Horng-SB; Plant-RE,1993
fauna of Syrphidae (Diptera)	Malaise traps	Analysis of the results, including dominance structure, seasonal dynamics and abundance, demonstrated the efficiency of the Malaise trap for monitoring urban syrphid populations.	Germany	Pellmann-H; Nahhal-MK,1991
mosquito populations	(CFG) trap	It is concluded that both ENT and the CFG are effective tools for sampling populations of A. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus outdoors.	Tanzania.	Mboera-LEG;et,al,2000

anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)	miniature light traps	Numbers of A. bancroftii in light traps were found to be proportional to those in outdoor landing catches, but were negatively related to those attempting to bite indoors. Circumsporozoite positivity rates for both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in A. punctulatus and A. farauti s.l. were significantly higher in light trap collections than in either indoor or outdoor landing catches, suggesting that light traps may selectively sample older mosquitoes of these species.	New Guinea	Hii-JLK;et,al,2000
guava fruitfly (Anastrepha striata)	T-93 trap, McPhail trap	No significant differences were observed between torula yeast and hydrolysed soyabean protein + borax as attractants; however, there was a significant difference between these two formulations and ammonium sulfate + borax, the latter showing low levels of attractiveness.		Rodriguez-G-G;et,al,2000
adult Culex mosquito	miniature light traps	In all experiments, trap location effects were significant and accounted for as much variability in catch size as trap design or CO2 presentation. Sampling efficiency of all trap designs or CO2 presentations were consistent over time, space, and different levels of mosquito abundance.	New Jersey USA	Reisen-WK;et,al, 2000

Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni	"H trap"	A number of modifications of the prototype H trap were devised (H1-H5), before the final design was established. Catches of up to 76 G. brevipalpis and 37 G. austeni were obtained per trap on a single day with the H3 modification. Further modifications improved on the trap's efficiency to capture G. brevipalpis and G. austeni. The final modification caught a record number of 180 G. brevipalpis and 57 G. austeni on a single day.	South Africa	Kappmeier-   K,2000
Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae)	McPhail trap	During the hottest periods, the fly population was up to 7 times greater in irrigated than in unirrigated trees.	Crete, Greece	Neuenschwander-P; Michelakis-S.1979.
Delia brassicae (Wied.) (Hylemya brassicae)	yellow water-trap fitted	ANCS trap is effective over a range of only 5 m.	Wellesbourne, UK,	Finch-S; Freuler-J; Stadler-E.1980.
Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae)	mechanical traps and an electric trap- biconical traps	results suggested that, when used in the presence of ox odour, the efficiency of this trap for teneral flies was at least as high as for mature flies.		Hargrove-JW.1980.
Cydia interstinctana (Clem.) (Grapholita interstinctana)	sticky and water traps- Malaise traps	Adults of Cydia interstinctana (Clem.) (Grapholita interstinctana) were greatly attracted by anisylacetone, and significantly greater numbers of the insect were caught in sticky traps than in water traps	Missouri	Wilkinson et al., 1980

Glossina pallidipes	Langridge box screen (LBS) and the awning screen skirt (ASS), w	The results indicate that the ASS is preferable to the LBS for sampling G. pallidipes.	Kenya.	Etten-J-Van; Van-Etten-J.1981.
walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa Cress	Pherocon AM traps	A sticky food-carton trap baited with ammonium carbonate, the traditional monitoring method, was less effective than the commercially available Pherocon AM trap but provided similar flight curves	northern California	Riedl-H; Hoying-SA.1980
tsetse species, Glossina pallidipes	A. Challier & C. Laveissiere Langridge's box screen (LBS) and S. K. Moloo's awning screen skirt (ASS)	The biconical trap is preferable, because it is collapsible, easy to handle and transport, and needs minimal manpower to operate	Kenya	Challier et al., 1981
Culex quinquefasciatus Say	EVS battery powered light traps	fan blade 0.75 in. wide, with a pitch angle of 30 deg , provides 82% greater air velocity than commercially available plastic blades and considerably reduces the mutilation of trapped mosquitoes by the blades.	California	Rohe et al., 1879
mosquito-borne encephalitis	miniature battery powered CO2 baited light trap	CDC trap units in structural and wiring concepts yielded a simple and rugged configuration in which all components are contained in a single, compact, easy-to-assemble unit that utilises 2 'D' cell batteries, weighs 0.95 kg, and holds about 1.45 kg solid carbon dioxide	California	Rohe-DL; Fall-RP.1979

Culex erythrothorax Dyar	EVS trap	The tests showed that the EVS trap [see preceding abstract, next abstract] was significantly more effective in capturing C. tarsalis Coq.,	California	Smith-TA et al., 1979
Flies	ultraviolet light source	The device with a 90 W ultraviolet source performed markedly better electrocutes		Clough-G.1980
Dacus dorsalis Hend D. cucurbitae Coq. and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)	food baits in water traps	proteinaceous food baits in water traps were 20 times more efficient in trapping adults of Dacus dorsalis Hend	Hawaii	Cunningham-RT et al., 1978
cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae)	allyl isothiocyanate and hexyl acetate	allyl isothiocyanate and hexyl acetate markedly affected the behaviour of gravid flies in an olfactometer	UK	Wallbank-BE; Wheatley-GA.1979.
Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust	incomplete ring of electrified nets was placed round a trap	The coefficient of variation of such estimates (about 10%) was low enough to suggest that the technique affords a quick and reliable means of screening the efficiency of many trap designs	Rhodesia	Vale-GA; Hargrove-JW.1979.
Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust	odour-baited traps	. Of G. pallidipes marked and released 250, 1250 and 2250 m from the trap, the percentages recaptured in the trap after 5 days were about 20, 10 and 4, respectively, and after 40 days about 28, 15 and 13	Zimbabwe-Rhodesia	Hargrove-JW; Vale-GA.1979.
Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) and adults of C. macellaria (F.)	electrocutor-grid trap	an electrocutor-grid trap were 1.7, 1.7, 6.3 and 6.2 times as great, respectively, as those in a newly developed wind-oriented trap	Curacao Island Netherlands Antilles	Goodenough-JL.1979.
Anopheles darlingi Root	light traps vs human bait	. The CDC light trap was more efficient (62%) than the ultraviolet light trap (45%) in relation to the human landing catches	Ocamo, Amazonas State	Rubio-Palis-Y et al., 1999

Chironomus plumosus	artificial wingbeat sounds in black light traps	. The mean number of midges captured by sound + light trap was about 4.5 times the number of midges caught by either light or sound trap alone	Lake Suwa in central Japan.	Hirabayashi-K; Ogawa-KI.1999
Musca domestica,  Calliphora vicina and Drosophila melanogaster	light traps	Efficiency increased when the size of the lamp was increased. Equally good results were obtained from a trap with a 20 W in a 59 cm long trap.		Locatelli-DP et aal., 1999
Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata	McPhail trap, hand-made traps made from 500 ml plastic jars with yellow painted bottoms and 2 or 4 opposing holes.	Equal numbers of C. capitata were caught in all the three types of traps	Israel	Mazor-M.1999.
Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera zonatus [Bactrocera zonata]	eugenol baited traps	At 1 m height Diptrex, Laser and methomyl killed an average of 42.76, 40.04 and 37.05 flies/trap/week, respectively. At 1.5 m height, the efficiency slightly decreased to 40.35, 37.77 and 34.68 flies/trap/week, while at 2 m height the catch dropped to an average of 37.78, 36.16 and 33.58 flies/trap/week.	Pakistan	Ishtiaq-Ali et aal., 1999
Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae).	hand-made trap	south-east as the most favourable position of the traps for fly capture.	South-West Morocco	Naamani-K et al., 1999
Trichosia jenkinsoni and Corynoptera bulgarica	yellow traps	70% of all species were in the yellow traps which reveals the high efficiency of this collecting method for sciarids.	Central Europe	Metzner-K et. al.,1999

Glossina palpalis palpalis	'Vavoua' trap	'Vavoua' trap is still the most efficient	Congo	Laveissiere-C et.al., 1998
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)	in biconical traps	efficiency estimates for G. f. fuscipes were good, varying from 37 to 82%	Lake Victoria, Kenya	Mohamed-Ahmed-MM; Mihok-S.1999.
Bactrocera correcta	new trap with cotton wool as dispenser	Orange and yellow coloured traps attracted more fruit flies, recording 4.34 and 4.18 numbers/day	Tamil Nadu	Jalaluddin-SM et., al.1998
nuisance fly in Avian broilers	light traps	insect traps with ultraviolet light as an attractant would not be detrimental to production of broilers.		Hogsette-JA; Wilson-HR.1999
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)	yellow sticky trap	significantly correlated with the number of larvae per plant, but not with larval number 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after counting pupae on tomato		Ozawa-A
Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)	CDC trap	The CDC trap placed at 1 m caught 898 specimens representing 9 species; the trap at 5 m caught 895 specimens	Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil	Veras-RS; Castellon-EG.1998.
malaria vectors arabiensis gambiae s.s A. funestus	miniature CDC light-traps	Protecting the bait with a mosquito net increased the catch _3X for A. gambiae s.l. and _3.5X for A. funestus.	Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	Costantini-C et., al,1998
malaria vectors	light-traps	The study revealed that light traps did not have any bias in favour of any particular species.	Central India	Singh-N et., al,1997

insects	window and Malaise traps	Malaise traps appear not to be suited for quantitative sampling in exposed sites.	Rickenbach, Switzerland	Schneider-K; Duelli-P.1997.A
Ceratitis capitata	controlled-release polymeric panels with trimedlure and ceralure in a new trap, the C&C trap	using released sterile flies showed consistently higher male medfly catches with panels in C&C traps	United States	Warthen-JD et., al,1997
Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)	traps of different colours	Yellow sticky traps also attracted higher numbers	Pakistan	Talib-Hussain JD et., al,1995

Wild olive fruit flies	sticky traps McPhail traps hydrolyzed protein Buminal or the odour lure Entomozyl	The addition of a long-lasting Biolure ammonium acetate dispenser to yellow single or crossed rectangular Rebell traps significantly improved their efficiency.	Greece	Economopoulos-AP; Papadopoulos-A.1983.
Tsetse: Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni and G. brevipalpis Newst	biconical trap	markedly  enhanced by acetone	Mozambique	Takken-W.1984
Ips typographus and Trypodendron lineatum [Xyloterus lineatus]	coloured flight barrier traps	concluded that black traps should be used for trapping bark-beetles	German Federal Republic	Dubbel et al., 1985.
Ceratitis capitata	trap	trap pattern may be a rectangle or a cross	California	Mangel et al., 1984
tsetse flies		The efficiency of a screen varies with the relative position and proportion of blue and black stripes; the best was a blue screen fringed with 2 black stripes with a bb blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width. Blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width. Blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width. Blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width.  Blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width.  Blue/black ratio between 1 and 2 for a 83 cm width	Ivory Coast	Laveissiere-C;et,al,1987
Ceratitis capitata Wied		The results showed that the attractancy of the hydrolyzed protein was reduced by almost half when insecticide was added to the bait.	Spain	Ros-JP;et,al,1988
mosquito		This suggests that these microcosms should provide statistically significant evaluations of the mosquito control efficacy of selected larvivorous fishes in waste water environments.		Castleberry-DT,1986,

Musca vetustissima		Placement of traps in preferred fly haunts was essential for maximum trapping efficiency. The method might be applicable for periodic containment of these flies in continental areas.	Kwajalein Island, Marshall Islands.	Legner-EF,1986,
		these flies in continental areas.
Mosquitoes	various types of sound traps.	The board speaker trap also caught significantly larger numbers of females of A. albopictus than the other traps.	Japan.	Ikeshoji-T; Ogawa-K,1988
peridomestic mosquito filarial vectors	CDC gravid mosquito trap	A factor of 0.7217 converts these figures to comparative cost-effectiveness. C. quinquefasciatus made up 83% and A. subalbatus 16% of the trap catches over 12 months; the remaining 1% consisted of Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, A. (Aedimorphus) jamesi, C. tritaeniorhynchus and C. (Lutzia) sp. For the indoor resting samples, species other than the first two are not mentioned.	Sri Lanka	Jayanetti-SR;et,al,1988
fruit flies	Modified McPhail traps	It is suggested that mangoes are infested by adults emerging from pupae in the soil and by migratory adults.	Costa Rica	Soto-Manitiu-J;et,al,1987

Ceratitis capitata Wied	2 trap types (transparent plexiglass coated with adhesive and wood soaked in deltamethrin at 0.25% a.i.),	The efficiency of the 2nd type was confirmed by comparing oviposition in treated and untreated groves	Sardinia.	Ortu-S; Prota-R,1988
windblown arthropods	Malaise trap	Malaise trap efficiency was compared with that of aerial traps, and the efficacy of Malaise traps in collecting windblown arthropods in lowland forests in New Zealand appeared to be limited.	New Zealand	Moeed-A; Meads-MJ,1987,
adults of Lonchaea cristula,		Ninety-six percent of the specimens captured belonged to the genus Lonchaea and it was concluded that hydrolyzed corn protein is a highly specific attractant for this group.	Tenerife, Canary Islands,	Hernandez-M-Rojas-de;et.al,1987

fruit flies	McPhail traps	The traps in this study caught flies of 14 families including Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Anthomyiidae and Ulidiidae.	Japan	Matsumoto-N;et,al,1987
insect pest populations (such as Glossina),	pheromone-baited traps	These differences in relative efficiency appear to depend on the frequency of mating relative to birth and mortality rates.		Barclay-HJ,1987

killing flies		The addition of muscalure (25 to 200 mg/device) increased the number of flies killed by the devices by as much as 76% but only one of the increases was statistically significant.		Rutz-DA; Scoles-GA; Howser-GG,1988,
Cochliomyia hominivorax	traps (baited with swormlure-4)	During periods when trees and other vegetation are in full foliage, detection and survey of adult populations may be better accomplished by placing traps in pastures rather than woods.	Mexico,	Welch-JB,1988,

Rhagoletis pomonella	apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) lures	The Pherocon AM panel (which incorporated a mixture of 0.5 g ammonium acetate and 0.5 g casein hydrolysate) exhibited a reduced capture efficiency when aged for 9 days before use, which correlated well with the 5-day longevity observed in laboratory tests.	Utah	Jones-VP,1988,
fruit-flies	Valencia-type fly-traps	For monitoring the populations, the best results were obtained with the plastic bottles (which were perforated at the top) containing a 25% solution of passionfruit juice as the bait.	Brazil	Lorenzato-D,1984,

house flies	ultraviolet-emitting electric fly traps	Methods are given for calculating the relative attractiveness of light sources for M. domestica and of calculating the relative efficiency of any electric trap design. Calculated effectiveness was validated by experimentation.		Pickens-LG;et,al,1986
three species of tsetse fly	biconical trap	The sex ratios of the captures were variable, depending on the type of trap or target; the electrified biconical trap and the screen with mosquito netting caught a considerably greater percentage of females than did the other traps.	South-western Burkina Faso	Filledier-J; Politzar-H,1985,

cotton boll weevils	pheromone traps (model of D.D. Hardee)	The results showed that used traps were as efficient as new ones and that the use of insecticidal strips increased trap efficiency.	Brazil,	Aquino-IS;et,al,1986
adult populations of Tipula spp.	water traps	It was concluded that operator error can be as important as predictive error in the implementation of a forecasting scheme and that it cannot be assumed that any monitoring system operates with complete accuracy.	Northern Ireland	Blackshaw-RP,1987,
AMBI Larval Pupal		The water delivery system was altered and the collecting container replaced by an aquarium fish net.		Mendelman-KL;et,al,1986.
Glossina palpalis palpalis	"Vavoua" trap.	composed of a blue external part (cotton/polyester) and a black internal part (polyamide) with a blue/black ratio equal to 2.	Ivory Coast	Laveissiere-C; Grebaut-P,1990,
fruit flies	Yellow fluorescent sticky traps	. For Dacus oleae [Bactrocera oleae], plastic McPhail traps baited with 2% ammonium phosphate and Rebell traps with Buminal capsules were the most effective.	Turkey.	Zumreoglu-A;et,al,1987

Reference:-

Amsler-S; Filledier-J,1994,Attractiveness for Tabanidae of the meta-cresol/octenol association: results in Burkina Faso. Revue-d'Elevage-et-de-Medecine-Veterinaire-des-Pays-Tropicaux. 1994, 47: 1, 93-96; 17.

Amsler-S; Filledier-J; Millogo-R,1994,Different positions of dispenser bags with olfactory attractants in biconical traps (Challier-Laveissiere). Effects on catches of Glossina tachinoides and Glossina morsitans submorsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Burkina Faso. Revue-d'Elevage-et-de-Medecine-Veterinaire-des-Pays-Tropicaux. 1994, 47: 3, 301-311; 41.

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