Arrestant pheromone /Aggregation arrestant pheromone:pheromone resources

Arrestant pheromone /Aggregation arrestant pheromone

Aggregation arrestant pheromone:

Aggregation behavior and reduced locomotory activity in the German cockroach is caused  by chemical compounds in the feces  (mixture of six carboxylic acids out of a total of 29) and a steroid glucoside denoted as blattellastanoside A, which has been suggested as an aggregation arrestant pheromone in Blattella germanica (Jürgen Scherkenbeck et al., 1999).

Hydroquinone found in the labial glands of a number of termite species acts as a primary phagostimulating factor, but, instead may act as a repellent at higher concentrations. The attractant/arrestant of the Formosan termitemay have multiple components of which hydroquinone, at low doses, could be one (Ashok k. Raina,2005).

Behavioral responses to an extract of aggregated mites were compared to 30 common mite (Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes) attractants identified in cuticular lipids, excretory products and mammalian skin in a refined two-choice bioassay. None of the mite-derived chemicals, including the extract, displayed significant attraction activity. Mammalian skin lipids serve as food attractants for house dust mites. Clustering is most likely due to the physical presence of an inanimate object or another mite's body without the involvement of arrestant-aggregation pheromones (Emmett V. Glassa et al.,2001).

Arrestant pheromone:

Arrestment (=assembly) is defined as the cessation of kinetic activity, a response that reduces the distancebetween individuals that perceive the stimulus in their environment (Carde´ and  Baker, 1984) and leads to clusters of individuals in their natural environment.

Female, male, and juvenile firebrats, Thermobia domestica (Packard) (Thysanura: Lepismatidae), employ a pheromone that arrests conspecifics on contact. One or more debris components from a T. domestica shelter constitute the source of the arrestment pheromone (Nathan Woodbury and  Gerhard Gries, 2008).

Arrestment pheromone are also reported in Argas ticks by Leahy et al.(1973), in Ixodes ricinus (Graf,1978), I. holocyclus and Aponnomca concolor (Treverrow et al.,1977), Hyalomma dromedarii (Leahy et al.,1981), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma cohaerans (Otieno et al., 1985), R. evertsi (Gothe and  Neitz, 1985), in  soft ticks, Ornithodoros moubata (Leahy et al.,1975), in black-legged deer tick, Ixodes scapularis (Allan  and  Sonenshine, 2002).

References:

Allan,   S. A. and D. E. Sonenshine. 2002.Evidence of an assembly pheromone in the Black-legged deer tick, Ixodes scapularis. Journal of Chemical Ecology,28(1):15-27.

Ashok k. Raina, John M. Bland, and Weste Osbrink.2005. Hydroquinone is not a phagostimulant for The formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Chemical Ecology,31(3):509-517.

Emmett V. Glassa, Jay A. Yoderb & Glen R. Needhama.2001. Evaluation of possible arrestant-aggregation pheromones in the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (astigmata: Pyroglyphidae),International Journal of Acarology,27(1): 63-66.

Gothe, R. and  Neitz, A.W. H. 1985. Investigation into the participation of male pheromones of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during infestation. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research., 52: 6-70.

Graf, J. F. 1978. Ecologie and ethology Ixodes ricinus L. en Suisse (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). 2 e partie. Bulletin de la Socie´te´ Entomologuiqe Suisse., 51: 241-253.

Jürgen Scherkenbeck, Günther Nentwig, Karl Justus, Jürgen Lenz, Daniel Gondol, Gernot Wendler, Martin Dambach, Frank Nischk and Christa Graef.1999.Aggregation Agents in German Cockroach Blattella germanica: Examination of Efficacy .Journal of Chemical Ecology.,(25)5:1105-1119.

Leahy, M. G. , R. Vandehey  and  R. Galun.1973. Assembly Pheromone(s) in the Soft Tick Argas persicus (Oken), Nature, 246:515 – 517.

Leahy, M. G., Hajkova, Z. and Bourchalova, J. 1981.Two females pheromones in the metastriate ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslavia.,78:224-230.

Leahy, M. G., Karuhize, G., Mango, C. C. and  Galun, R.1975.An assembly pheromone and its perception in the tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Murray) (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Medical Entomology.,12:284-287.

Nathan Woodbury,  Gerhard Gries.2008. Amber-colored excreta: a source of arrestment pheromone in firebrats, Thermobia domestica. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 127 (2):100-107.

Otieno, D. A., Hassanali, A., Obenchain, F. D., steinberg, A. and  Galun, R. 1985. Identification of guanine as an assembly pheromones of ticks. Insect Science Applications 6: 667-670.

Trevorrow, N. L., Stone, B. F. and  Cowie, M. 1977. Aggregation pheromone in two Australian hard ticks, Ixodes holocyclus and Aponomma concolor. Experientia 33: 680-682.