Aversive pheromone:
In
mice an androgen-dependent aversive pheromone found in male urine discourages prolonged
investigation of a treated area by other male mice. Castration of the urine
donor eliminated the aversive effect of urine, testosterone therapy reestablished
it (Jones and Nowell, 1973a). Dominant male urine is far more effective in producing
this effect than subordinate male urine, which is no more effective than water
(Jones and Nowell, 1973b). Aversive pheromone of dominant males induces greater
emotionality and lower activity in subordinates, and that the lower levels of
androgen dependent. A comparison of the aversive and female attractant properties
of urine from dominant and subordinate male mice (Jones and Nowell, 1974a) and reported the the urinary aversive pheromone
in mice: Species, strain and grouping effect (Jones and Nowell, 1974a,b).
Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) has
profound effects on dopamine signaling in the brain of young worker honey bees.
As dopamine in insects has been strongly implicated in aversive learning, we
examined QMP's impact on associative olfactory learning in bees. We found that
QMP blocks aversive learning in young workers, but leaves appetitive learning
intact (Vergoz et al.2007).
Studies have shown that exposing young
worker bees (Apis mellifera) to queen
mandibular pheromone (QMP) reduces their aversive learning performance, while
enhancing their attraction to QMP. As QMP has been found to reduce the rate of
juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis in worker bees, we examined whether aversive
learning in 2-day old workers exposed to QMP from the time of adult emergence
could be improved by injecting JH (10 µg in a 2 µl volume) into the haemolymph.
We examined in addition, the effects of JH treatment on worker attraction to
QMP, and on the levels of expression of amine receptor genes in the antennae,
as well as in the mushroom bodies of the brain. We found that memory
acquisition and 1-hour memory recall were enhanced by JH. In contrast, JH
treatment reduced the bees' attraction towards a synthetic strip impregnated
with QMP (Bee Boost) (McQuillan et al.,2014).
de Bono et
al.(2002) reported that natural Caenorhabditis elegans isolates
exhibit either social or solitary feeding on bacteria. Feeding is induced by
nociceptive neurons that detect adverse or stressful conditions. Ablation of
the nociceptive neurons ASH and ADL transforms social animals into solitary
feeders. Social feeding is probably due to the sensation of noxious chemicals
by ASH and ADL neurons; it requires the genes ocr-2 and osm-9,
which encode TRP-related transduction channels, and odr-4 and odr-8,
which are required to localize sensory chemoreceptors to cilia. Other sensory
neurons may suppress social feeding, as social feeding in ocr-2 and odr-4
mutants is restored by mutations in osm-3, a gene required for the
development of 26 ciliated sensory neurons.
Novotny (2003) implicating structurally both male and
female mouse signals responsible for aversive responses of male rats to
androgen-dependent chemosignals (W. Ma, M.V. Novotny and J.R. Alberts,
unpublished work).
Reproductive
behavior in Drosophila has both stereotyped and plastic components that are
driven by age and sex-specific chemical cues. Males who unsuccessfully court
virgin females subsequently avoid females that are of the same age as the
trainer. In contrast, males trained with mature mated females associate volatile
appetitive and aversive pheromonal cues and learn to suppress courtship of all
females. (Ejima et
al.,2007).
Moon et
al.(2009)
reported that GR33a does not function in receptor trafficking, as is the case
for OR83b in olfactory receptor neurons. These results raise the possibility
that GR33a serves as an obligatory receptor subunit for the detection rather
than the trafficking of all repellent compounds that are sensed through contact
chemosensation, including aversive tastants and pheromones.
Roussel et
al.(2009)
questioned do bees that exhibit high responsiveness to sucrose also display
high responsiveness to an aversive stimulus?. The scientist used a new
protocol for olfactory aversive
conditioning of SER (Vergoz et al.,2007).
The findings says bees significantly increased
their aversive response (SER) to electric shocks of increasing voltage
(F5,1980= 487.23, p,0.0001; not shown). Bees with low responsiveness scores
(scores 1 to 3; n= 67) responded only to higher voltages (2 to 8 V) while bees
with high responsiveness scores (scores 4 to 6; n =80) responded to a broader
range of voltages starting with lower ones (0.25, 0.5 or 1 V).
In Drosophila
melanogaster the treatment of virgin females with the aversive male
pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) significantly delayed mating of oe-
females compared to wild-type females. This difference was eliminated when oe-
females were treated with a blend of cVA and the female aphrodisiac (7Z,11Z)-heptacosadiene
(7,11-HD), showing that female aphrodisiac compounds can attenuate the effects
of male aversive pheromones (Billeter et al.,2009).
QMP was also recently shown to suppress the capacity of young bees
to learn aversive experiences leaving
appetitive ones intact (Vergoz
et al., 2007 in Sandoz et al.,2007). Ejima
et al.(2005)
The US is believed to be an aversive understood.
substance that females produce after mating, whereas the CS is a
courtship-stimulating chemical cue, or pheromones (Tompkins et
al.,1983 in Ejima et al.,2005). The behavioral responses to attractive
and aversive odors were examined in blinded adult male cockroaches under
tethered-walking conditions. A sex pheromone-like stimulant derived from adult
virgin females and artificially synthesized limonene were used as attractive
and aversive odor sources, respectively. When a searching animal was stimulated
with the attractive female-derived odor, the horizontal deflections of both the
antennae were increased, and in most cases the vertical antennal positions were
shifted downward. The stimulation also significantly decreased the walking
speed of the animal. These behavioral changes imply a careful search in the
immediate surroundings. The aftereffect of the sex pheromone was more
pronounced on locomotion than on antennal movement. On the other hand,
stimulation with the aversive odor (limonene) tended to suppress active
antennal movement, and also increased the walking speed. Immediately after the
withdrawal of the aversive odor, the active movement of the antennae was
resumed, and the walking speed rapidly decreased to a level approximately the
same as that of the control period (Nishiyama et al.,2007) .
In human, neuroimaging
studies of conditioning have essentially
focused on aversive paradigms (Buchel et
al., 1998; LaBar et al., 1998; Morris et al.,
2001 in Gottfried et al., 2002),
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