Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée, 1854
–pheromone and trap development
The Leucinodes Group as here defined includes eight
genera with at least 74 species in the Crambidae: Spilomelinae. Except
Sceliodes and Leucinodes itself, all are Neotropical to temperate Nearctic. The
Neotropical members correspond to the Udea Group of Munroe (1995) minus Udea
Guenée and Lamprosema Hübner (as the latter two feed on different host plants -
See more at: http://
idtools.
org/id/leps/micro/factsheet.php?name=%3Cem%3ELeucinodes+%3C%2Fem%3EGro#sthash. X1hmxr 6i.dpuf.
Spilomelinae is the
largest subfamily in the Pyraloidea, and until the 1980s it was subsumed within
Pyraustinae. Spilomelinae was resurrected by Minet (1981) based on several
morphological characters. Spilomelinae is comprised of hundreds of genera,
including Neoleucinodes and Leucinodes that are major pests of solanaceous
crops in the New World and Old World respectively.
Minet,J.1982.Les
Pyraloidea et leurs principales divisions systématiques. Bulletin de la Société
Entomologique de France 86: 262-280.
Synonyms: Pycnarmon discerptalis
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Pyraloidea
Family: Crambidae
Genus: Leucinodes
Species: Leucinodes
orbonalis (Guenée, 1854)
Other species:
(CABI)
The eggplant, Solanum melongena popularly called
Brinjal is a typical vegetable considered to be the poor man’s vegetable. Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée, 1854, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer, is a
species of moth that was first described from specimens from India and Java (Guenée, 1854). According to current knowledge, it is widely distributed
in tropical and subtropical Asia (CABI, 2012a)
and sub-Saharan Africa (Walker,
1859; Frempong, 1979). The
fruit and shoot borer is the main
cause of concern for the farmers, as it
starts attacking the brinjal plants from early stages by boring into the
growing shoot and causes drooping. Larvae of this insect bore inside plant
shoots and fruits adversely affecting plant growth, yield and fruit quality,
and thus making it unfit for human consumption. The yield reduction could be as
high as 70% (Islam and Karim, 1991; Dhandapani et al., 2003). Farmers tend to spray brinjal crop with
increasing numbers, some time which may increase to 140 times per season (Alam et al.,2003). Further, it is alrming to understand that the survey
of pesticide use in Bangladesh indicated that farmers spray up to 180 times
with chemical insecticides during a year to protect their eggplant crop against
EFSB (SUSVEGAsia, 2007).
The survey conducted by
AVRDC—the World Vegetable Center found that the
eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
is the most destructive pest in South Asia. EFSB larvae bore the shoots and
fruits affecting the growth and quality of the fruits. Farmers dependence on
synthetic pesticides to manage EFSB. The
neonate larvae of EFSB can enter fruits or shoots within only a few
hours of hatching, pesticides need to be applied to have sufficient toxic
residues on the plant surface to kill the larvae. Despite the attempts which
have been made to explore resistant sources as well as to develop resistant
varieties against EFSB in the region, no commercial cultivar with appreciable
levels of resistance has been developed (Srinivasan,2008).
Even to day farmers go
far spray schedules with out minding whether the pest was present or not
(Atwal, 1976; Srivastava and Butani, 1998). This kind of farmers attitude has
led to increased dependence on pesticides results adverse effects on,
environment, destruction of natural enemies, and development of pesticide
resistance in EFSB, apart from higher costs of production. The higher the
pesticide use adverse the effect on ecosystem. Therefore, there arose a need
for developing alternative control
strategies.
Pheromone of the EFSB:
Eggplant fruit and shoot
borer (EFSB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae) is one of
the most destructive pests on eggplant in South and Southeast Asia. The first Scientists Zhu et
al. (1987) reported (E)-11-Hexadecenyl
acetate (E11-16Ac) with 300-500 µg with a second chemical (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol(E11-16OH) from China.
(E)-11-Hexadecenyl
acetate – This chemical is also reported to be a part of pheromone
chemicals of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lassance, and Löfstedt,
2009), tomato fruit borer (Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenee -Lepidoptera:
Crambidae) (Badji et al.,2003; Cabrera et al.,2001); sweet potato leaf folder
Brachmia macroscopa (Hirano et al.,1976), Pink sugarcane borer, Sesamia
grisescens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Whittle et al.,1995),Sesamia calamistis Hampson ( Zagatti,1988)
and Like the other chemical, this also found in Pink sugarcane
borer Sesamia grisescens (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) (Whittle et al.,1995), (Courtesy:El-Sayed
AM 2014. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals.
<http://www.pherobase.com> © 2003-2014 The Pherobase.)
In Sesamia
nonagrioides Lefebvre as one of the
components of pheromones (Krokos et al.,2002;
Sans et al.,1997; Frerot et al.,1997; Rotundo et al.,1991; Mazomenos, 1989; Rotundo et al.,1985; Sreng et al.,1985). In diamondback moth Plutella
xylostella - Plutella
maculipennis (Lepidoptera:
Plutellidae) (Tamaki et al.,1977; Koshihara et al.,1978; Chow et al.,1979; Ando et al.,1979; Lin et al.,1982;
Chisholm et al.,1983; Maa et al.,1984; Zilahi-Balogh et al.,1995; Reddy et al.,2000;
Suckling et al.,2002; Yang et al.,2007), cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae Linnaeus as single
chemical for attraction. In the species Mamestra cappa Hübner
as a component of pheromone by Sherman
(1980).In an another species of insect Mamestra configurata Walker, this chemical form part of
pheromone (Landolt et al., 2003; Byers and Struble,1987;
Struble et al., 1984; Underhill et
al., 1977).
In
the species Mamestra cappa Hübner as a single component of pheromone was reported by Hisholm et
al. (1975). In an another species Mamestra contigua Denis &
Schiffermüller this chemical is one of
the two components of the pheromone system (Stan et al.,1986). In the species Mamestra illoba Butler as a single component of pheromone by Ando et
al. (1977). Whil, in the species Mamestra oleracea Linnaeus as one
the components of
pheromone (Lebedeva et al. , 2002; Kovalev et al.
,1979; Descoins et al. ,1978; Subchev et al.
,1989). Yet an another species
Mamestra pisi Linnaeus,this
pheromone forms as one the components
of pheromone (Priesner, 1980; Renou, 1991). (Courtesy:El-Sayed AM 2014. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com> © 2003-2014 The Pherobase.)
In
the species Mamestra suasa Denis &
Schiffermüller as one the
components of pheromone
(Subchev
and Stoilov, 1984; Subchev ,1987; Frérot et al.,1988;). In the species Mamestra suasa Denis &
Schiffermüller as single
component of pheromone
(Subchev ,1981; Vrkoc et al.,1981; Szöcs et al.,1983; Tóth et al.,1986).
In the species Mamestra thalassina Hufnagel as one the
components of pheromone
(Renou,
1991). and a single component of the pheromone (Mottus,1983). In an
another species,
Mamestra w-latinum Hufnagel (=Lacanobia w-latinum Hufnagel,1766)as single
component of pheromone recorded (Subchev,1981; Szöcs et al.,1983) (Courtesy:Pherobase).
Coming
to the second component (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol(E11-16OH), it is found in the
tomato fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) as
one of two components of the pheromone (Badji et
al.,2003; Cabrera et al., 2001).
Also, this chemical formed a part of the pheromone system for Eggfruit caterpillar Sceliodes cordalis (Lepidoptera:Crambidae)
(Clearwater et al.,1986). Like the other
chemical, this also found in Pink sugarcane borer Sesamia grisescens (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)
(Whittle et al.,1995).
In Sesamia cretica Lederer (Avand-Faghih
and Frérot, 2008; Germinara et
al.,2007).In Sesamia calamistis Hampson ( Zagatti,1988).In
Sesamia inferens Walker (Nesbitt et al.,1976; Wu and
Cui,1986; Zhu et al.,1987; Nagayama et al.,2006). In Sesamia
nonagrioides Lefebvre as one of the
components of pheromones (Krokos et al.,2002;
Sans et al.,1997; Frerot et al.,1997; Rotundo et al.,1991; Mazomenos, 1989; Rotundo et al.,1985; Sreng et al.,1985). Also this chemical found in Lawn
grass cutworm moth Spodoptera depravata (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).(Courtesy:El-Sayed AM 2014. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com> © 2003-2014 The Pherobase.)
Later,
Attygalle et al. (1988) and
Gunawardena et al. (1989) also
identified the sex pheromone of EFSB in
Sri Lanka. They have also
identified some trace quantities of (E)-
11-hexadecen-1-ol (E11-16:OH). However, E11-16:Ac when used alone or in
combination with E11-16:OH attracted more
male moths in India and Bangladesh, although E11-16:OH alone showed no
attraction at any concentration (AVRDC, 1996; Srinivasan and Babu, 2000). Cork
et al. (2001) at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK also identified the
presence of E11-16:Ac as a major component and E11-16:OH as a minor component
in the pheromone gland extracts of EFSB from India and Taiwan. They also found
that E11-16:Ac and E11-16:OH (100:1) attracted significantly more numbers of
male moths than E11-16:Ac alone in India
Management of EFSB using pheromones:
Sex pheromone chemicals are increasingly used to
control insect pests of vegetables and
fruits. Zhu et al. (1987) identified (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (E11-16:Ac) as
the major component of the female sex pheromone of EFSB. Subsequently, Attygalle et al. (1988)
confirmed the presence of E11-16:Ac in virgin females along with trace amounts
of (E)-11- hexadecen-1-o1 (E11-16:OH). AVRDC conducted field studies in
Bangladesh and later in India indicated that high concentrations of E11-16:Ac
alone or low concentrations of mixtures of E11-16:Ac and E11-16:OH (10:0.5 or
10:1) attract large numbers of male moths to pheromone-baited traps (AVRDC,
1996; Praveen Kumar and Sundara Babu, 1997; Srinivasan and Sundara Babu, 2000).
Bangladesh where polyethylene vial dispensers caught more male moths than
either black or white rubber septa, each loaded with the same 100 : 1 blend of
E11-16:Ac and E11-16:OH in a 3000 μg loading (Cork et al.,2001).
Delta and wing traps baited
with synthetic female sex pheromone of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée
were found to catch and retain ten times more moths than either Spodoptera or
uni-trap designs. Trap catch was found to be proportional to the radius of
sticky disc traps in the range 5–20 cm radius, discs with a 2.5 cm radius
caught no moths. Wing traps placed at crop height caught significantly more
moths than traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy (Cork et
al.,2001).
Changing the shape (square and triangular) and
number (two and four) of entry holes in the water trap had no significant
effect on trap catch. Significantly more male moths were caught in traps
treated with water containing powdered detergent than liquid detergent, light
gear oil or insecticide. All water traps tested caught significantly higher
numbers of moths than sticky delta traps with open sides under farmers' field
conditions. Overall, the percentage of healthy fruit and yields in both
treatments were comparable at 53.8 and 49.6% and 20 and 19.4 tonnes per ha in
the IPM and farmers' practice plots respectively (Cork et al.,2005).
Pheromone traps were operated with the
lure combination of 100:1 of E11-16: Ac and E11-16: OH. The trap consisted of a
3-liter capacity, 22-cm tall rectangular or round clear plastic container. A
triangular hole is cut in any two opposite sides starting 3 to 4 cm from the
bottom. Traps were placed at 0.5 m and 1 m high above the ground in the field.
The number of ESFB males in ten trap catches were 1.7 to 4.5 with a mean number
of 3.26 ± 0.32, 8.49 ± 0.36, 5.20 ± 0.24 and 14.95 ± 0.34 catch/trap in the
Fields 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. When no trap was operated in the eggplant
fields the shoot damage, fruit damage and fruit yield were 3.48%, 31.15% and
13.70 kg/100m2 respectively
in the non-IPM blocks. On the otherhand they were 1.56%, 10.66% and 27.54
kg/100m2 in the IPM
blocks respectively (Mazumder and Khalequzzaman, 2010).
AVRDC is the pioneer in developing pheromone traps for the ESFB. Through a few
publications of research articles, bulletins etc they could develop traps such
as delta trap, sleeve trapand winged trap (Su et al.,2004)
and others (Alam et al.,2003,2006)
Next to AVRDC, it is the
BCRL (a unit of Pest Control India PVT LMT, Banagalore developed a trap named
WOTA –T trap which found to be the panacea as trap for many insects for pheromone trapping.
(PCI Pvt Lmt. Division: Bio-control
Research Laboratories, Bangalore)
The search for trap for
the ESFB is on with other researchers like Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, suggesting a bottle as trap for this
insect.
(Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, 12-13-445,
Street
no-1, Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500 017-
Foundation,
Bangladesh Research Council Campus,
Farm gate,Dhaka-121.
Delta traps and funnel
traps could be used for the EFSB sex
pheromone lures in field conditions. However, the trap design that would
attract more numbers of insects will
vary from one location to the other
the traps placed at crop canopy level caught (Srinivasan,2008).
In
field trails conducted in India where blends containing between 1 and 10% E11-16:
OH caught even more male L. orbonalis than E11-16: Ac alone. At
the 1000 μg dose, addition of 1% E11-16: OH to E11-16: Ac was
found to be significantly more attractive to male L. orbonalis than
either 0.1 or 10% E11-16:OH. Trap catch was found to be positively
correlated with pheromone release rate, with the highest dose tested, 3000 μg,
catching significantly more male moths than lower doses (Cork et al.,
2001).
Significantly more male
moths than traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy in Bangladesh
(Cork et al., 2003), whereas traps installed 0.25 m above crop canopy
caught higher moths than either at crop canopy or at 0.25 m below crop canopy
in Uttar Pradesh (Alam et al., 2003). The traps should be erected at
every 10 m or less for effective attraction (Prasad et al., 2005). In
general, it has been suggested to place the traps at a density of 100 per ha
(Cork et al., 2003). Thus, the EFSB sex pheromone traps as a component
of IPM significantly reduced the fruit damage and increased the yield in South
Asia (Alam et al., 2003; Cork et al., 2003).
Delta and wing traps baited with synthetic female sex
pheromone of L.orbonalis were found
to catch and retain ten times more moths than either Spodoptera or uni-trap designs. Locally-produced water and funnel
traps were as effective as delta traps, although 'windows' cut in the side
panels of delta traps significantly increased trap catch from 0.4 to 2.3 moths
per trap per night. Trap catch was found to be proportional to the radius of
sticky disc traps in the range 5–20 cm radius, discs with a 2.5 cm radius
caught no moths. Wing traps placed at crop height caught significantly more moths
than traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy (Cork et al.,2003).
Installation
of pheromone traps @ 75 per hectare, starting from flower bud initiation (45
days old crop) till final harvest and changing the lures at monthly intervals (Hirak Chatterjee,2009). Among
lures used from four sources (Agriland, Ganseh, PCI and Natural Resources Institute, the last source
gave the highest trap catches (56 males/trap) in the trail. The variation in
moth trapping efficacy of lures marketed by different companies might be due to
differences in the type of dispensers, quality and quantity of sex-pheromone.
The IPM strategy based on
sex pheromone for managing the L. orbonalis has reduced pesticide abuse
and enhanced the activities of natural enemies in Indo-Gangetic plains of South
Asia (Srinivasan, 2012). The sex pheromone confused the male adult for mating
and thus preventing fertilized egg production by trapping significant number of
male moths, which resulted reduction of larval and adult
population build–up
(Rahman et al., 2009). Thus, this technology can be expanded as IPM
technology may be beneficial in holistic manner (Mathur et al., 2012).
The study revealed that
mass trapping of Leucinodes orbonalis moths with the help of plastic
funnel traps @ 1 per 100 sq.m. baited with leucilure sex pheromone, clipping of
infested shoots at weekly interval starting at 20 days after transplanting
(DAT) along with other biopesticides
reduced the shoot infestation to the extent of 80.44% over untreated and
61.64% over without mass trapping. The increase in yield was 44.75% over
untreated and 11.76% over without mass trapping (Pawar et al.,2009).
Mass trapping was
successful for ESFB (Krishna Kumar et
al.,2005; Cork et al., 2005; Jhala et al., 2005; Krishna Kumar
et al., 2005; Mandal et al; 2005; Rath & Dash, 2005 and Bhanu et al., 2007).
The
traps placed at crop canopy level caught significantly more male moths than
traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy in Bangladesh (Cork et al.,2003). whereas traps installed 0.25 m above crop
canopy caught higher moths than either at crop canopy or at 0.25 m below crop
canopy in Uttar Pradesh.13The traps should be erected at every 10 m or less for
effective attraction (Prasad. et al.,2005).
Pheromone
traps were operated with the lure combination of 100:1 of E11-16: Ac and
E11-16: OH. The trap consisted of a 3-liter capacity, 22-cm tall rectangular or
round clear plastic container. A triangular hole is cut in any two opposite
sides starting 3 to 4 cm from the bottom (Mazumder and Khalequzzaman,2010).
Comparative efficacy of different treatment where
pheromone trap (installation
of pheromone trap at 65 per hectare, starting from 15 after transplanting till
final harvest and changing the lure at monthly interval) was used showed that The pooled data on the male
moth catches over time revealed that lure used in the present study was
effective with a recorded 53.56 nos of moth catches per trap (Pranab Dutta et al.,2011).
The results, spraying of spinosad (Libsen 45
SC) in combination with pheromone trap found to be the most effective treatment
to reduce shoot (1.16%) and fruit damage (5.95%) in comparison with that in the
water-treated control (shoot damage; 26.37% while fruit damage 46.35%
respectively) (Mamun et al.,2014).
Azharul Islam (2012)
published a review of pheromone trapping of ESFB giving the various
traps used.
(Azharul Islam,2012).
An observations made during
the night time between 12 night to 6 AM, the mobility of the adult male was
observed at the Vegetable farm, Junagadh Agricultural University. The below
shown picture gives an idea of how the males respond to the pheromone lures.
Though many adults started flying to-words the trap, they fly almost 1 1/5
meter to 2 meter above the trap and divert its flying down wind while doing so
many moths escape again to-word the wind
direction .
Gujarat Agricultural
University tested the delta trap and two plastic funnel traps commercialized by
two local companies in India. Indian Institute of Vegetable Research tested
three traps: a funnel trap, delta trap, and a locally made water-trough
trap. Traps were placed in EFSB-infested
eggplant fields just above the crop canopy. The number of male EFSB adults
trapped were recorded at regular intervals over varying lengths of time
reaching to up to 5 weeks.
Researchers at the
Gujarat Agriocultural University (GAU) site, therefore, preferred funnel traps
for further studies, especially in the pilot IPM projects on farmers’ fields.
Long-lasting funnel traps are commercially produced in India and are reasonably
priced. At IIVR, funnel traps consistently trapped more EFSB adults than delta
or water trough traps. Weekly moth catches found to be high in funnel trap
(18.3) followed by delta (6.03), and water-trough traps (2.8).
Pawar
et al. (2009) revealed that mass
trapping of Leucinodes orbonalis moths with the help of plastic funnel
traps @ 1 per 100 sq.m.baited with leucilure sex pheromone, clipping of
infested shoots at weekly interval starting at 20 days after transplanting
(DAT), spraying with NSKE 4% four times at an interval of 15 days starting at
flowering and destruction of infested fruits after harvest had reduced the
shoot infestation to the extent of 80.44% over untreated and 61.64% over
without mass trapping. The increase in yield was 44.75% over untreated and
11.76% over without mass trapping.
Hirak Chatterjee (2009) developed a module to manage the brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes
orbonalis Guenee using a module with three components i.e. pheromone
trap, timely mechanical control and application of azadex (neem based
insecticides) was found most effective in reduction of shoot damage (76.59%)
followed by the farmer's practice (i.e. twenty times application of
insecticides) (76.36%). Whereas highest protection in fruit damage (48.26%) and
yield increment (53.19%) were obtained from the practices of setting trap +
timely mechanical control and trap + application of azadex, respectively.
Cork et al.(2003) used a Delta and wing traps baited with synthetic
female sex pheromone of Leucinodes
orbonalis were found to catch and retain ten times more moths than either
Spodoptera or uni-trap designs. Locally-produced water and funnel traps were as
effective as delta traps, although 'windows' cut in the side panels of delta
traps significantly increased trap catch from 0.4 to 2.3 moths per trap per
night. Trap catch was found to be proportional to the radius of sticky disc
traps in the range 5–20 cm radius, discs with a 2.5 cm radius caught no moths.
Anjali Mathur et al.(2012) have developed a IPM module
in Bt brinjal against the Brinjal shoot
and fruit borer, L. orbonalis is a major pest botanicals and microbial formulation
and use of female sex pheromones and resistant cultivars to cut down on pest
infestations. Field trials were carried out to evaluate different IPM modules
for the management of L. orbonalis newer botanical oils of pungam (Pongamia pinnata L.) and
iluppai (Madhuca indica) in IPM modules proved to be quite effective in
lowering both shoot and fruit infestation and can thus be utilized in
resistance management strategy.
Srinivasan
(2008) reviewed the brinjal pest management strategies in Southest Asia. Use of EFSB sex pheromone
traps based on (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol to
continuously trap the adult males significantly reduced the pest damage on
eggplant in South Asia. In addition, prompt destruction of pest damaged eggplant
shoots and fruits at regular intervals, and withholding of pesticide use to
allow proliferation of local natural enemies especially the parasitoid, Trathala
flavo-orbitalis reduced the EFSB population. The IPM strategy was
implemented in farmers’ fields via pilot project demonstrations in selected
areas of Bangladesh and India and its use was promoted in both countries.
Spraying of spinosad
(Libsen 45 SC) in combination with pheromone trap found to be the most
effective treatment to reduce shoot (1.16%) and fruit damage (5.95%) in
comparison with that in the water-treated control (shoot damage; 26.37% while
fruit damage 46.35% respectively (Md
Abdullah Al Mamun et al., 2014).
Mazumder and Khalequzzaman (2010)
suggested that the sex pheromones which have been extensively studied
and already are in management programmes should be fine tuned to improve their
efficacy in totality in an Integrated Pest Management Programme on the basis of
feed back from the extension workers, and farmers. Md. Azharul Islam (2012) revealed that Bangladesh has been
enormously successful in increasing pheromone use in agricultural production
(especially for vegetables). Understanding of the nature of pheromones and
their potential for pest control along with the future prospective of pheromone
technique in agriculture were stated.
Md.Azharul Islam (2012) suggested integrated approaches of pest management have
been gaining popularity nowadays, this article outlines all the components of
IPM including use of resistant varieties, sex pheromones, cultural methods,
physical and mechanical barriers, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents,
botanical and chemical means of management including basic biological
parameters associated with management.
Rahman
et al.(2009) reported that spraying of Marshal® at 2 days interval,
mechanical control and using pheromone trap placed at plant canopy and in the
centre of the plot, performed the best in all respects ensuring the lowest
shoot (6.27%) and fruit (3.19 % by number and 2.83% by weight) infestation, the
highest reduction of shoot (79.65%) and fruit (89.03% by number and 90.72% by
weight) infestation to compare with control. Pranab Dutta et al.(2011)
reported that use of Pheromone trap, mechanical control and application of
neem insecticide) was found best in
reduction of shoot damage (86.69%), fruit damage (59.36%) and yield increment
(96.94%). The highest total yield of brinjal (50.62 t ha) and BCR (5.81)
were found from treatment of Pheromone
trap + Sanitation + Bio-control agent release (Kabir et al., 2010).
Accoding to Cork et al. (2003) among the four traps, the
open delta caught significantly greater numbers of EFSB males than other traps.
At the same time it is puzzling that in tests at IIVR, significantly more EFSB
males were trapped in funnel traps than in delta traps in each of two tests
they carried out.
Influence of sex
pheromone trap design on catches of male EFSB moths in Jessore, Bangladesh
|
Trap design
|
Moths/trap/night
|
Delta
|
0.44 ± 0.50 a
|
Open delta
|
2.34 ± 0.32 b
|
Water-trough
|
0.60 ± 0.42 a
|
Funnel
|
0.52 ± 0.04 a
|
Data are means of 5
replicates, each replicate maintained for 10 nights. Means followed by
the same letter are not significantly
different at P < .01 by Newman-Keuls multiple range test on log (X+1)
transformed data
|
Trap height
The height of the
dispenser is important to trap the maximum number of males.
The data collected over
locations indicated that at 0.5 m height, the males trapped were significantly
higher compared to eve 1.5 m height.
In recent studies by the author and others
indicated the difficulty of the designing a trap for the EFSB. The result have shown that type 1 trap
having 54 cm sleeve with funnel length
6.1 cm and diameter 4.2 cm at bottom and 12 cm at top and the gap between the
lid and sleeve was 4 cm with 3.5 cm X 3.0 cm flap, trapped significantly higher
number of male moths (8.98 males/ trap / day). The trap (Type 3) having a 55 cm
sleeve length, gap between lid of about 3.5 cm and funnel length, diameter at
top and bottom of about 4.5 cm, 9.5 cm and 2.5 cm respectively, trapped 2.63
males / trap/day (Table 1).
Effectiveness of market available
pheromone trap & lures of specific trade marks on L. orbonalis moth catch in brinjal*
Type
of trap
|
Mean
(Over period of 4 weeks)
|
Type1
|
8.98a
|
Type2
|
5.88b
|
Type3
|
2.63c
|
*
Mean followed by the same letter are not significantly differ by LSD (P=
0.05)
|
In
the second trial, the type 1 trap, which trapped significantly higher male in
the first trial along with Type 3 trap and one other trap (Type 4). In all
three type of traps we used effective lure of first trial (Type 1 lure). The
type 4 trap having 62 cm sleeve length with gap between lid and sleeve was
about 4.0 cm and 10 and 3.3 cm of funnel top and bottom diameter respectively,
showed consistent difference in their trapability than type 3 trap. In these
trails, the type 1 and type 4 traps showed its efficiency in trapping the males
of L. orbonalis (7.8 and 7.87
males/trap/day, respectively), When 10 days continuous observation were made
(Table 2).
Effectiveness of market available
pheromone trap on L. orbonalis moth catch in brinjal*
Type
of trap
|
Mean
(Over period of 10 days)
|
Type1
|
7.80a
|
Type3
|
0.87b
|
Type4
|
7.87c
|
*
Mean followed by the same letter are not significantly differ by LSD (P=
0.05)
|
After
these two trials, based on the males trapped,
some essential modification were
made in the trap to be used for L. orbonalis. Keeping this idea in mind
we have effected 11 modification in effective type 1 trap. These traps were
replicated thrice and arranged in CRBD. The traps were run for one month and observation
were made once in three days.
The
result indicated that the modified type 1 trap containing original gap of 3.5
cm between lid and sleeve with no funnel trapped consistently higher number of
males i.e. 100 per cent efficiently as compared to original type 1 trap.
However when the gap between lid and sleeve was reduced to 2 cm with no funnel,
there was increase in its efficiently (117.14%). The data in table 3 indicated that there was negative effect in
all the four cases ( treatment number
5 to 8), when gap between lid and sleeve reduce to 3.0 cm from their original
gap (3.5 cm). There was also fewer males caught in case of type1 M1 (39 males/
4 weeks) and type1 M2 (38 males/4 weeks) as compared to type1 M11 (76 males/ 4
weeks). This has given ample idea of the typical type of trap to be used in the
brinjal ecosystem for L. orbonalis.
In
the mean time Pets Control India (P) Ltd has introduced their own trap for sugarcane ecosystem i.e, Wata T Trap. This is a funnel like trap containing water
for trapping sugarcane inter-node males using pheromone (Jayanth and
Bhanu, 2004). Based on these experiments the ideal type of trap should
be type 1 with a simple modification of keeping gap between lid and the sleeve
only 2 cm with no funnel is required. We propose to recommend only the original
trap having 2cm gap, with out funnel and with flap for efficient trapping of
the males of the EFSB.
The
gap between lure and the mouth was found to be important as with the gap of 3cm
and with 2 cm between mouth and the lure, a quantum jump of the males trapped
resulted compared to the original trap which was 100% to 117% respectively.
For
the mass trapping of the L. orbonalis
males, the trap design should be as simple as possible with 2 or 3.5 cm gap between the lid and the mouth with no funnel and flap length should be 3.5
cm and kept at 1.5 m from soil surface. The sleeve length should be 62 cm in
length . The trap should have a handle for tying to bamboo stick which is cheap
and easy for operation.
Male moths of L. orbonalis catches
in different types of modified traps
Period
|
Pheromone trap
|
Wota T
(Castor oil)
|
Wota T
( with water +
kerosene)
|
Wota T
(with water)
|
Stika 4D
|
Sleeve trap
|
Mean
|
4.8
|
21.49
|
5.84
|
4.69
|
5.13
|
|
:
Treat (T)
|
SEm
|
0.75
|
CD
|
2.07*
|
Nandagopal
et al. (2010) reported a pheromone
trap which is designed and used by
PCI India. They have used three
types of traps as follows:
The
designs of the various types of traps used in the experiment are as follows.
1. Sleeve trap: It has 62 cm
sleeve length with funnel top and bottom diameter 12 cm and 4.2 cm respectively. The gap between the lid
and funnel top is 3.5 cm with 3.5 cm X
3.5 cm flap.
2. Acrylic sticka trap : 30 cm length X 10 cm width (triangle) with
square mobility hole of 12 cm length X 10 cm width on both with one taken
upward and another taken downward, altogether four holes.
3. Wota- T trap: Designed and patented by PCI, Bangalore. It consists
of an adaptor, basin to hold water and a
lure holder with canopy.
The results indiacted that
sleeve trap and acrylic sticka trap were least efficient trapping 5.13 and 4.69
male moths/ 3 nights/trap respectively. Whereas, funnel trap proved to be
superior to delta traps in Uttar Pradesh (Alam et al., 2003). It was interesting to note
that lowest number of moths were caught in acrylic sticka trap. Whereas, Cork et al., (2003) reported that delta and
wing traps baited with synthetic female sex pheromone of L. orbonalis caught and retained ten times more moths than either Spodoptera or uni-trap designs.
Locally-produced water and funnel traps were as effective as delta traps,
although 'windows' cut in the side panels of delta traps significantly
increased trap catch from 0.4 to 2.3 moths per trap per night.
The number of male moths trapped
in Wota –T trap with water as trapping material and sleeve trap is low
(4.8 and 5.13 male moths/ 3 days/trap
respectively). The reason could be, in these traps the moths after searching for females which
found otherwise escape from the lure in doing so only a limited number of moths
take a downward movement and get trapped in castor and in sleeve respectively
hence reducing the efficiency. The number of moths trapped in sticka trap was
significantly lower 4.69 mean male
moths/ 3 nights/trap since the efficiency would be determined only by the
ability of the adhesive to retain insects and might be expected to be dependent on the area of the plate
(Cork, 2004).
Several trap designs including
funnel type trap, delta trap and water trough trap were tried at Indian
Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. They found that the funnel type trap
caught more EFSB adults than delta or water trough traps. Whereas, similar
experiment conducted at Anand, Gujarat and they found that the delta traps were
consistently caught more EFSB male adults than the other trap designs. But due
to its sticky surface and prohibitive cost, funnel trap was more preferred over
delta trap (AVRDC, 2003). However for the sake of economy, convenience, and
local availability, the funnel trap popularly used in India and home made water
trough trap in Bangladesh. (Alam et al.,
2003).
The efficacy of certain types of
traps in catching male moths is a function of behaviour of that insect species.
The aim of selecting any trap, especially for
mass trapping should be to use
one that catches the maximum number of adults at any given time. To
conclude, for the mass trapping of the L.
orbonalis males, Wota - T trap with
water + kerosene can be used for efficient trapping of the males of the EFSB.
It requires detail investigation to know
why different traps were effective in different regions for the same
pest.
The results indicated that the intensity of damage (%) and bore holes
(%) differed significantly in plots
where pheromone traps were installed compared to control (Table 3). The maximum
intensity of damage (%) and bore holes (%) was recorded in plots with out
pheromone traps. The per cent damage
ranged from 4.1 to 5.53 and 17.24 in plots with
traps and control, respectively. The per cent bore hole intensity ranged from 5.29 to 8.59 and 28.26 in plots
with traps and control respectively.
Results showed that use of sex pheromone traps of EFSB significantly
reduced the fruit damage. Similarly, Jhala (2004) reported 53-86 per cent
reduction in fruit damage by L. orbonalis
over control by using pheromone traps in
Gujarat. This shows the effectiveness
of sex pheromone which can be used as a component in IPM of L. orbonalis. Similarly, Rashid et al., (2003) emphasized installation
of pheromone lures to trap male EFSB moths as a component of IPM strategy for lower production costs and
higher net incomes.
It is a challenge for entomologist to develop a more efficient trap for Leucinodes orbonalis. So let us spent time during the calling time of female and observe with different traps on the mobility of the males to lure and how they escape.
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