Aggression inhibiting pheromones:Pheromone Resources

Aggression inhibiting pheromones:

In mice, Jones and  Nowell (1975)reported  that the coagulating glands are also shown to be the source of an aggression-inhibiting pheromone. The common source of these two factors suggests that they may be the same pheromone exerting different effects under different conditions. The territorial implications of both the aversive pheromone and the aggression-inhibiting pheromone are discussed (Jones and  Nowell, 1973).

Ovary inhibiting pheromone:

Queen Retinue Pheromone also acts as a primer pheromone by physiologically inhibiting the ovary development of worker bees. An essential component of QRP, 9-oxo-(E)-2-decenoic acid, acts as a long-distance sex pheromone (Trhlin and Rajchard,2011).

Puberty inhibiting pheromone:

The onset of puberty in female house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) can vary from the age of 4 wk to 8 wk as a function of male acceleratory or female inhibitory urinary pheromones. In field studies, puberty inhibition has been demonstrated directly with natural and experimental increases in population density(Rjohn G Vandenbergh, 1987).

Courtship-inhibiting pheromone:

Gregarious mature males of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) emit a courtship-inhibiting pheromone continuously to repel rivals. This signal evokes a strong response from males with recent experience of mature females. However, if males have been female deprived for some time, they start to ignore the pheromone and attempt to usurp females that are guarded by males. The probability and intensity with which males struggle for an occupied mate was found to depend on the time previously spent without a female (Karsten Seidelmann^, 2006).

Swarming Inhibiting Pheromone:

Footprint pheromone -The footprint substances are excreted by workers, drones and queens.

1.Worker foot-print substances areused fororientation to hive entrance, attraction to food source, survival of isolated workers, acceptance of grafted larvae in queen cups, drone mating flight (Butler et al.,1969).

(R,E)-(−)-9-Hydroxy-2-enoic acid (9-HDA) promotes stability of a swarm, or a "calming" influence Footprint pheromone. This pheromone is left by bees when they walk and is useful in enhancing Nasonov pheromones in searching for nectar. In the queen, it is an oily secretion of the queen's tarsal glands that is deposited on the comb as she walks across it. This inhibits queen cell construction (thereby inhibiting swarming), and its production diminishes as the queen ages.

Juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour:

A juvenile pheromone produced by young mice before puberty, termed exocrine-gland secreting peptide 22 (ESP22). ESP22 is secreted from the lacrimal gland and released into tears of 2- to 3-week-old mice. Upon detection, ESP22 activates high-affinity sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ, and downstream limbic neurons in the medial amygdala. Recombinant ESP22, painted on mice, exerts a powerful inhibitory effect on adult male mating behaviour, which is abolished in knockout mice lacking TRPC2, a key signaling component of the vomeronasal organ (David M. Ferrero et al.,2013).

Pheromone inhibition of virulence factor :

The extracellular signal of the quorum-sensing system is a thiolactone-containing peptide pheromone, whose sequence varies among the different staphylococcal strains. We demonstrate that a synthetic Staphylococcus epidermidis pheromone is a competent inhibitor of the Staphylococcus aureus agr system. Derivatives of the pheromone, in which the N-terminus or the cyclic bond structure was changed, were synthesized and their biological activity was determined. The presence of a correct N-terminus and a thiolactone were absolute prerequisites for an agr-activating effect in S. epidermidis, whereas inhibition of the S. aureus agr system was less dependent on the original structure (Michael Otto et al.,1999).

Pheromone Cross-Inhibition:

Cross-inhibition by quorum-sensing pheromones betweenStaphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated using all known S. aureus agr pheromone subgroups. All S. aureus subgroups were sensitive towards the S. epidermidis pheromone, with the exception of the recently identified subgroup 4. The subgroup 4 pheromone was also the only S. aureus pheromone able to inhibit the S. epidermidis agr response (Michael Otto et al.,2001).

Michael Otto, Hartmut Echner,Wolfgang Voelter and Friedrich Götz.2001. Pheromone Cross-Inhibition betweenStaphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect. Immun.  69(3):1957-1960.

Michael Otto, Roderich Süßmuth, Cuong Vuong, Günther Jung, Friedrich Götz. 1999.Inhibition of virulence factor expression in Staphylococcus aureus by the Staphylococcus epidermidis agr pheromone and derivatives, FEBS Leetrs, 450(3): 257–262.

Oviposition-inhibiting pheromone:

Ferguson A.W., Ziesmann J., Blight M.M., Williams I.H., Wadhams L.J., Clark S.J., Woodcock C.M. and Mudd A.1999: Perceptiom of oviposition deterring pheromone by cabbage weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis). J. Chem. Ecol.,25: 1655-1670.

     Oviposition deterrent Pheromone:

The  braconid wasp (Diachasma alloeum) attacks two species of fruit-parasitic flies in the genus Rhagoletis. Female wasps lay a single egg into a second or third instar fly maggot.Following oviposition, female wasps press and drag their ovipositor across the fruit surface with this putative oviposition-deterring pheromone (Stelinski et al., 2007).

Prokopy, R., 1981b.  Oviposition-deterring pheromone system of apple maggot flies.  In E. R. Mitchell, ed. Management of insect pests with semiochemicals.  New York:  Plenum Press, pp. 477-497.

Stelinski L. L.,, R. Oakleafand C. Rodriguez-Saona. 2007. Oviposition-deterring pheromone deposited on blueberry fruit by the parasitic wasp.Diachasma alloeum Behaviour 144: 429-445.

Antibiotic-induced inhibition of pheromone:

Ingestion of diet containing streptomycin inhibited the conversion of myrcene, a host plant terpene, to the male-specific pheromones ipsenol and ipsdienol in Ips paraconfusus. Synthesis of cis-verbenol, which is not a sex-specific pheromone, from the host plant terpene (-)-alpha-pinene and other metabolites from these two terpenes is,as not inhibited by the antibiotic (Byers and Wood,1981).

adenylate cyclase inhibiting pheromone:

Cells of the a mating type, serves to synchronize the opposite mating type (a cells) at GI as a prelude to fusion of the two cell types. It was found that, in vitro, A factor inhibited the' membrane-bound adenylate cyclase Of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, one

Class (steS) of a cell mutants that grow normally at either 230 or 340C but that are unable to respond to a factor or to mate at the higher temperature possessed an adenylate cyclase activity that was not inhibited by a factor at 340C but was fully sensitive to inhibition at 230C (Hans Liao and Jeremy Thorner,1980).

Hans Liao and Jeremy Thorner.1980. Yeast  mating pheromone a factor inhibits adenylate cyclase (cyclic AMP/Saccharomyces cerevisiae/plasma membranes/mutants/peptides).Proc. Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 77(4):1898-1902.

Byers, J.A. and Wood, D.L. 1981. Antibiotic-Induced Inhibition of Pheromone Synthesis in a Bark Beetle. Science 213:763-764.

References:

Butler, C.G. and D.H. Calam. 1969. Pheromones of the honeybee—The secretion of the Nassanoff gland of the worker.Journal of Insect Physiology.,15(2): 237-244.

David M. Ferrero, Lisa M. Moeller, Takuya Osakada, Nao Horio, Qian Li, Dheeraj S. Roy, Annika Cichy, Marc Spehr, Kazushige Touhara and  Stephen D. Liberles.2013. A juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour through the vomeronasal system, Nature, 502:368–371.

Jones, R.B.  and N.W. Nowell. 1973.The coagulating glands as a source of aversive and aggression-inhibiting pheromone(s) in the male albino mouse. Physiology and Behavior.,11(4):455-462.

Jones, R.B. and  Nowell, N.W.1975. Effects of clean and  soiled sawdust substrates and of different urine types upon aggressive behavior in male mice. Aggressive Behavior.,1:111-21.

Karsten Seidelmann^.2006. The courtship-inhibiting pheromone is ignored by female-deprived gregarious desert locust males, Biol Lett. 2(4): 525–527.

Rjohn G. Vandenbergh. 1987. Regulation of puberty and its consequences on population dynamics of mice  integrative and comparative biology . 27(3): 891-898.

Trhlin,M and J.Rajchard.2011. Chemical communication in the  honeybee (Apis mellifera L.): a review.Veterinarni Medicina, 56, 2011 (6): 265-273.