Eliciting pheromones:Pheromone Resources

Eliciting pheromones:

In general\, all pheromone/stimuli elicit a response from the opposite organisms. In pheromone research, it is useful for aggregation, attacking the enemies, eliciting a fear, eliciting vocalizations,  eliciting  a high frequency of responses for mating, provoked aggression etc.

Aggregation eliciting pheromone:

Laboratory mice usually live in amicable groups (Poole and Morgan, 1975), other-wise, when a strange male urinates after introducing, the males  cohabiting may be  provoked aggression (Mackintosh and Grant, 1966).

Equine Appeasement Pheromone (EAP) (=Porcine Appeasing Pheromone):

 Equine Appeasement Pheromone (EAP) is a product available in Europe for use in calming horses (Pherosynthese, Le Rieu Neuf, Saint Saturnin d’Apt,France). The product is a synthetic pheromone akin to  secretion of specialized glands relating  mammary glands,  the same pheromone was called as Porcine Appeasing Pheromone of  pigs at weaning and group mixing has been reported to decrease certain types of injuries and increase average daily weight gain (Pageat and Tessier, 1998a,1998b). Studies in horses undertaken by Pherosynthese Research Center, indicate that EAP resulted in decreased heart rate during and decreased time to approach a fear eliciting test’

Ephemeral sex pheromone:

Fresh urine contains a potent but ephemeral pheromone that serves. as a DCS for vocalization elicitation, 'while Metabolic,urine contains a molecularly stable, nonvolatile, but less compelling, chemosignal that can, under certain circumstances, serve as a CS for eliciting vocalizations for at least 30 days following urination (Nyby and  Zakeski, 1979; Sipos,1992).

Anti-sex pheromones by males

The  pine-inhabiting mirid, Phytocoris difficilisproduce hexyl butyrate and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate eliciting  strong antennal responses in males. These butyrates interrupt attraction of males to the female produced sex pheromone. So the metathoracic scent gland esters of male mirids function as anti-sex pheromones which  interrupt further mating by other males (Qing-He Zhang  and  Jeffrey R. Aldrich, 2003).

Mucus filled pheromone:

Several weeks prior to ovulation, the urine and cervical mucus of female of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, contain chemical agents of low volatility eliciting  a high frequency of responses for mating. Subsequently,  male sexual arousal occurs and, on female availablity, mating results. The compound indolo-[2,1-b] quinazoline-6,12-dione (tryptanthrine) (Rasmussen et al., 1993).

Contact sex pheromones:

Upon contacting the cuticle of a sexually mature  female, a male German cockroach exhibits a characteristic  courtship behavior. The glandular  secretion stimulates the female to mount the male and feed,  thus positioning herself for copulation. A multicomponent  contact sex pheromone of the  eliciting courtship behavior (Dorit Eliyahu et al., 2008).

Courtship Eliciting Compounds:

Contrary to expectation, the naturally occurring stereoisomer of the pheromone, (3S,11S)-dimethylnonacosan-2-one, is the least active of the four possible stereoisomers. Extensive behavioral assays with synthetic pheromone analogs and the natural pheromone were conducted to validate this result. Next it was  identified two additional contact sex pheromone components, predicted from the proposed biosynthetic pathway, and confirm their behavioral activity with synthetic compounds (Eliyahu, Dorit.2007).

Elicite attack:

Nymphal stages and apterous adults of Ceratovacuna lanigera secreted droplets containing an alarm pheromone from their abdominal cornicles when stimulated with a pin. When fresh droplets on piece of filter paper were put near the aphids, 1st-instar nymphs originating from apterous adults attacked it, but the advanced instar nymphs and adults escaped from the spot. Nymphs and adults originating from alate adults showed escaping behavior only. These different responses strongly correlated with morphological differences, such as relative lengths of the frontal horns and legs. When a syrphid larva, Allograpta javana, was placed on a colony of aphids, many 1st-instar nymphs attacked it using their frontal horns. During the attack, these nymphs spontaneously secreted droplets and adhered them to the syrphid body. When these droplets were placed on the body, the syrphid larva was agressively attacked by additional 1st-instar nymphs (Norio Arakaki,1989).

Investigation was to examine differences between deceivers and truth-tellers across the four factors by collecting data for cortisol levels, sweat samples, heart-rate, respiration, skin temperature, subjective stress ratings and video and audio recordings. The results provided an integrated understanding of responses to interrogation by those actively concealing information and those acting innocently. Of particular importance, the results also suggest, for the first time in an interrogation setting, that stressed individuals may secrete a volatile steroid based marker that could be used for stand-off detection (Alex W. Stedmon et al.,2015).

References:

Alex W. Stedmon, Peter Eachus, Les Baillie, Huw Tallis, Richard Donkor, Robert Edlin-White, Robert Bracewell .2015.Scalable interrogation: Eliciting human pheromone responses to deception in a security interview setting, Applied Ergonomics,47: 26–33.

Eliyahu, Dorit.2007. Chemical Communication in the German Cockroach: Pheromones and Heterospecific Courtship Eliciting Compounds, http:// www.lib. ncsu. edu/ resolver/ 1840. 16/5343. A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of  North Carolina State University  in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of  Doctor of Philosophy  in Entomology,Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Mackintosh, J.H. and Grant, E.C. 1966. The effect of olfactory stimuli on the agonistic behavior of laboratory mice. Z. Tierpsychol. 23:584-587.

Norio Arakaki.1989.Alarm pheromone eliciting attack and escape responses in the sugar cane woolly aphid,Ceratovacuna lanigera (Homoptera, Pemphigidae), Journal of Ethology , 7(2): 83-90.

Nyby, J. G. and   Zakeski, D. 1979. Elicitation of male mouse ultrasounds: Bladder urine and aged urine from females. Physiology and Behavior, 61:737-740.

Pageat, P. and Tessier, Y.1998a.Can a pig pheromone analogue improve daily weight gain and food conversion efficiency in post-weanlings?  Congr. Internat. Pig Vet. Soc., Birmingham, UK, p.401.

Pageat, P. and Tessier, Y.1998b.Usefulness of a porcine pheromone analogue in the reduction of aggressions between weanlings on penning; behavior study. Congr. Internat. Pig Vet. Soc., Birmingham, UK, p.413.

Poole, T. B., & Morgan, H. D. R. 1975. Aggressive behavior of male mice (Mus musculus) towards familiar and unfamiliar opponents. Animal Behaviour, 23:470–479.

Qing-He Zhang  and  Jeffrey R. Aldrich.2003. Male-produced anti-sex pheromone in a plant bug. Naturwissenschaften 90:505-508.

Rasmussen, L. E. L., Lee, T. D., Daves, G. D., and  Schmidt, M. J. 1993. Female-to-male sex pheromones of low volatility in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. Journal of chemical ecology, 19(10):2115-2128.

Sipos, Maurice L.1992.An ephemeral sex pheromone in the urine of female house mice (Mus domesticus). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 52. Lehigh University.